tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61504289620951880082024-03-06T14:01:33.217-06:00ROOTED IN EASTERN EUROPEThis is blog about Eastern Europe and its people . I write about family members who immigrated from Eastern Europe and include cultural and historic material about the countries where my families originated.eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.comBlogger137125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-79263158889241135252018-11-11T13:46:00.000-06:002018-11-11T13:46:32.539-06:00John Nyznyk The Enigma: The Story is Complete<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvzRs9aqXSbFfK7XpksYJcGCfA2w6jvsBWw0MOtiRZFxw-tjVPP3hH6X3QY6Ltx6CG-LZWPvSKL-0RlRZp2fO4tXHtiwVAY-1zRTDD5HUcvtDx1aTZFr_w8HkBASta5EhZt50XbHWhG1bH/s1600/fullsizeoutput_9a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1190" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvzRs9aqXSbFfK7XpksYJcGCfA2w6jvsBWw0MOtiRZFxw-tjVPP3hH6X3QY6Ltx6CG-LZWPvSKL-0RlRZp2fO4tXHtiwVAY-1zRTDD5HUcvtDx1aTZFr_w8HkBASta5EhZt50XbHWhG1bH/s320/fullsizeoutput_9a.jpeg" width="237" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Nyznyk November, 1914.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
John Nyznyk, my paternal grandfather has been a mystery. A I knew about him was that he was a terrible man, so terrible that my grandmother left him when my father was very young. According to my mother, my father never met him. When I was growing up, he was rarely mentioned and I never thought to ask my father about him. My father was very happy to talk about his childhood, his life in New York City, but his father was never mentioned. My grandmother remarried years before, so it was not unusual that he was never brought up. When I started to work on family history, his story was front and center.<br />
First of all, I found that he lived in New York City, a few blocks away from where my father lived with his mother and step-father. I had been told that he wasn't interested in working, but according to census information and his petition for citizenship, he had a job. He applied to become a US citizen and became one in the 1930.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg65E2u3FpdOqKpjboZTe912YMGp-3yLuohFmhVq4h2RdIkVKyVwSrdkyui73y-ZymgcIAlmtpo3JV1AQnL-G7IOsurp2Mn_JqudryvXfzVYzGbtwARO4nMF7gx_t2_PiKoGq4k2F92DoMW/s1600/fullsizeoutput_35a8.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="487" data-original-width="842" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg65E2u3FpdOqKpjboZTe912YMGp-3yLuohFmhVq4h2RdIkVKyVwSrdkyui73y-ZymgcIAlmtpo3JV1AQnL-G7IOsurp2Mn_JqudryvXfzVYzGbtwARO4nMF7gx_t2_PiKoGq4k2F92DoMW/s320/fullsizeoutput_35a8.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
Second, I found from his citizenship petition that he had two children that he left behind when he came to the United States. According to his marriage license information, his first wife died shortly after he immigrated here. His daughter, Michalina, was born in 1910, so she was an infant when he left.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3AVfNxjPO8d1v2Ws_NGtxa3qmIFrKYYgUkm4c1trwnJrokroPnagCeMLnTLSNvd3HbDo3Mo7UVxZvGnk91fpdCbxJ9rPwVVugEHQrFyQQwaBTLGhGCcT9gMHya31dhv5LJZIDbNUsG556/s1600/fullsizeoutput_e6.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1308" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3AVfNxjPO8d1v2Ws_NGtxa3qmIFrKYYgUkm4c1trwnJrokroPnagCeMLnTLSNvd3HbDo3Mo7UVxZvGnk91fpdCbxJ9rPwVVugEHQrFyQQwaBTLGhGCcT9gMHya31dhv5LJZIDbNUsG556/s400/fullsizeoutput_e6.jpeg" width="326" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Nyznyk's petition for citizenship, showing the two children left behind in Europe.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
In 1931, his daughter Michalina came to the United States, and John Nyznyk was her sponsor. She settled in the Orange, New Jersey area and became a US citizen in 1939. In her petition for citizenship, she made no mention of her father. She changed her name legally to Mildred Nesnick when she finalized her filing for citizenship. At that time she was a live-in maid in New Jersey.<br />
Although Michalina/Mildred was living in New Jersey, her father continued to live in New York City. According to the 1940 US Census, he was living in Manhattan, on East 6th Street, and had been unemployed for over a year. My mother told me that he had been asking relatives about my dad, and seemed to know that he had a job. He also thought that my father should be supporting him. Since my father had nothing to do with him since before 1920, he paid no attention to this. This was third hand information by the time I heard it, again, my mother was the source, not my father.<br />
<br />
By the time I started my family history search, both of my parents has passed away. The only was that I was going to find any information about my grandfather was by looking for it on genealogy sites. I found the information about his other children, his daughter's immigration and citizenship from sources on Ancestry.com. It is not surprising that I found his death information on Ancestry.<br />
<br />
My mother told me that he died and was buried in a charity cemetery. From this I assumed that he was indigent and was given a charity burial somewhere in the New York City area. I found an article about Harts Island in the <b><i>New York Times</i></b>, where the unclaimed dead and poor and indigent of New York were buried in mass graves. From this, I thought that Harts Island was were he ended up. I was going to pursue this avenue, as soon as I found the date of his death. I really didn't want to go through many roll of film records of the New York City death index, so I did nothing. One day a hint came up on Ancestry and I found the date of his death, June 6, 1950. I requested the death certificate and the detailed certificate of the cause of death.<br />
So now I knew how his story ended. He was not indigent, he died at the Cancer Institute, Welfare Island of lung cancer. He was buried in a Catholic Cemetery on Long Island. The arrangements were made my the Jerema Funeral Home, not far from where he lived.<br />
So John Nyznyk's mysterious life in no longer unknown. eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-59347687775785294042017-07-17T16:15:00.002-05:002018-06-30T14:03:53.558-05:00Genealogy Surprises and Family Secrets. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjr1aSWhcimQDl19FsaG_k-OKt4jJCaFVD9Op7j-DpPb3i24ijLDtRjywv47BxKVGORmjf-biT14-T-Zu6L5ACnqy-F9JMTwYy-jlKziE0jLVvJewOFyfOhaIWGfoaj8fkvthgZ_Z6YDRl/s1600/Micahlina+Nyznyk+petition+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1045" data-original-width="1430" height="465" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjr1aSWhcimQDl19FsaG_k-OKt4jJCaFVD9Op7j-DpPb3i24ijLDtRjywv47BxKVGORmjf-biT14-T-Zu6L5ACnqy-F9JMTwYy-jlKziE0jLVvJewOFyfOhaIWGfoaj8fkvthgZ_Z6YDRl/s640/Micahlina+Nyznyk+petition+2.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Michalina Nyznyk's Declaration of Intention, 1936.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Ancestry.com has been a friend and and a nemesis. Spending hours looking through lists and finding nothing is a part of genealogical research, and I have spend a lot of time doing this, but the other day, Ancestry dropped a gift right in my lap.<br />
<br />
Several years ago I found my paternal grandfather's John Nyznyk's petition for naturalization on Ancestry. It was full of surprises, the biggest one was that he had left behind two children in Pomorany, Ukraine. As far as I knew, my father was an only child, and I doubt that he knew that his father had other children. According to his petition, John had a son, Paul, born in 1903, and a daughter, Michalina born in 1910. If my father did know, it was a big, dark family secret. Over the years, my mother shared a lot of family secrets, and this one was so big, that I doubt that she could hold it back.<br />
<br />
A few years, I got a hint in Ancestry; Michalina came to the United States in 1931, and that she was going to live with her father in New Jersey. That was it, no further mention of her in any records. In the 1940 Census, I found my grandfather living in New York City without Michalina. What happened to her? Did she marry, did she return to Europe.? I even sent in an application to the PBS production Genealogy Road Show, trying to get on the show and find out what happened to Michalina. Unfortunately, my question was not accepted.<br />
<br />
Then out of the blue, I found her again on Ancestry. Michalina was still in New Jersey, and she was applying to become a United States Citizen! She started her application in 1936, after she was here for five years. She was living in South Orange, New Jersey and her occupation was housework. She also had an alias--she was known as Mildred Nesnick. On her final petition, she legally changed her name and would be known as Mildred Nesnick. She swore an oath of allegiance on February 14, 1939 and became a United States citizen.<br />
<br />
What surprised me was that my grandfather was not a part of this process, there is no mention of him in her application. According to family information, he was not a part of my father's life at all. After he and my grandmother separated, he had no contact with my father at all, even though he lived only a few blocks away in New York City. I wonder if Michalina had the same experience--her father brought her to the United States, and after that, no more contact. There is another question--did Michalina's brother come to the US at some later date?<br />
<br />
So, My advice to readers who are trying to find lost family members--genealogy is a tedious hobby--lots of work with few results. Use all the resources that you can afford, one of them might have the answers you are looking for.<br />
<br />eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-56779882202688834382017-01-08T19:34:00.000-06:002017-01-18T11:35:53.592-06:00Why the Ukrainian Orthodox Church is Autocephalous<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
When I was a little girl, I often visited my grandparents in St Paul Minnesota, and attended services at their church, St Michaels Ukrainian Orthodox Church. The church was part of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. To me, the term autocephalous was always mysterious. I was a child who knew very little of the Ukrainian language so attending an Ukrainian Orthodox church was pretty exotic, but the church being both Orthodox and autocephalous was beyond my understanding.<br />
<br />
Recently when I wrote a blog post about Ukrainian churches in northeast Minneapolis, the research brought me to ST Michael's Church and why my grandparents and great-grand father and other family members started this church.(Click on the following link to read) <a href="http://eeroots.blogspot.com/2016/05/the-story-of-four-churches-in-northeast.html" target="_blank">Four Churches in Northeast Minneapolis. </a>The term "autocephalous" came up again and again, and I found that it means independent. St Michael's was a Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, independent from the Russian Orthodox Church, and one of the first Ukrainian Orthodox Churches in the United States.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="http://www.geocurrents.info/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Ukraine1900PoliticalMap.png" class="transparent" src="http://www.geocurrents.info/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Ukraine1900PoliticalMap.png" height="183" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ukraine was divided between Austria-Hungary and Russia</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
A bit of historical background is necessary: My family came from a part of Ukraine, which at the time of their immigration, was a part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire called Galicia. Before Ukraine was a part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire in 1792, it was part of Polish-Lithuanian Confederation. At that time that was a huge country in Central Europe, which was formed by the Union of Brest in 1546. Almost all of Ukraine came under the rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Confederation and a part of the deal was that the Orthodox Churches would become part of the Roman Catholic Church, but retain all of their Orthodox practises and beliefs, including married priests. This new church was known as the Uniate Church or the Greek Catholic Church. It was the primary church in the parts of Ukraine ruled by Austria-Hungary, the parts of Ukraine ruled by Russia remained in the Russian Orthodox Church.<br />
<br />
<img alt="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/3a/1d/9e/3a1d9eece50efbc3d3d856baad618ec8.jpg" src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/3a/1d/9e/3a1d9eece50efbc3d3d856baad618ec8.jpg" /><br />
The First World War changed Eastern Europe profoundly. Empires tumbled, lands changed hands, new countries emerged. Ukraine was independent for a short time and independence for Ukraine brought many far reaching changes, although the independence didn't last. One of the first changes was the establishment of a Ukrainian Orthodox church, separate from the Russian Orthodox Church, which began in 1917 along with the establishment of the Ukrainian State. The autocephaly of the new church was proclaimed in 1920 by the All Ukrainian Orthodox Church Council. The Church grew rapidly in Ukraine, and looked overseas to the many Ukrainian immigrants in the United States and Canada. Bishop John Theodorovych was sent to North America to establish the new church there. Although the Church did not fare well under the government of the Soviet Union or in Poland, it flourished in the United States and Canada. <br />
<br />
The events of World War One were closely followed by Ukrainian immigrants in the United States, since many of their family members were affected. They were proud of the establishment of an independent Ukraine and wanted to see it succeed. The immigrants were unhappy that the practises of the Greek Catholic Church which were not well received by the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. The new Orthodox Church was attractive for several reasons: it promoted the Ukrainianization of the church services and traditions and the use of the Ukrainian language in all Church services, instead of Church Slavonic. The church was to be democratic and decentralized, and allow active participation of the lay people in church decisions. It was to be an Ukrainian church established for Ukrainians.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://orthodoxcanada.ca/images/e/e0/Archbishop-John-(Theodorovych)-of-Philadelphia-(1887-1971).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://orthodoxcanada.ca/images/e/e0/Archbishop-John-(Theodorovych)-of-Philadelphia-(1887-1971).jpg" height="320" width="208" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Theodorovych source: Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
John Theodorovych came to the United States and Canada in 1924 and met with groups of Ukrainian immigrants stressing the importance of a Ukrainian Church. He was remarkably successful, and the new Orthodox churches sprang up in communities with large and small Ukrainian populations. Many of these churches were originally Greek Catholic Churches, or formed by people who had attended Greek Catholic churches. Many became centers of the Ukrainian community, with Ukrainian language schools, choirs and dance troupes. They kept the Ukrainian language and traditions alive, passing them on the next generations. One other result was that the Churches kept the idea of Ukrainian independence alive, even when the possibility of it seemed unlikely. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-78310380962594689722016-09-28T21:08:00.000-05:002016-09-28T21:23:50.718-05:00The Sich Society <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiCZExvatH2E5Fn7NCoEwPrVQolTHYqxFe6U1WMurbSnbgKqAAtgD3qU4AMWKwUJVNi-3pW81UGQFRprarAHVgznsGCe8PnNf37Hh4xPj9BK-rupSwy_cx39tJpO5Xsxyxp7oTHXHimdXD/s1600/FullSizeRender.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiCZExvatH2E5Fn7NCoEwPrVQolTHYqxFe6U1WMurbSnbgKqAAtgD3qU4AMWKwUJVNi-3pW81UGQFRprarAHVgznsGCe8PnNf37Hh4xPj9BK-rupSwy_cx39tJpO5Xsxyxp7oTHXHimdXD/s400/FullSizeRender.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Koshuba family in Butsniv, Galicia. Joseph, in the second row has a Sich sash</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
There are several photographs of my ancestors wearing sashes. Their children and grandchildren had no idea why the person was swearing the sash or what the sash meant. I have pictures of my grandfather, John Koshuba and his brother Joseph wearing a uniform with a sash. My great aunt Kathrine Pylatiuk and her husband Olexa wore the sashes on their wedding day. I have a family picture of the Kociuba (Koshuba) family, wearing sashes in a picture taken in their village, Butsniv in Galicia, and the sashes looked like the ones worn by family in Minnesota. A helpful person was able to read the Ukrainian letters on the sash, and told me that it was a Sich society sash. Was this the same Sich society as the one in Minneapolis? My research told me the answer is yes.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw_qv_p3XJIZmQBdBeEnDqPJKHKLYHYxsVeyT55lF073D7mNVA-h5yj48Qf2IW1wo6PM45zF7ijnAb8t0ONgdysfNkg_SZKAvc84-ynJ0ihY_FzTHV-qv8X2gUqm42Q7jp3eYhICynyWVR/s1600/John%252C+Joseph%252C+Anna+Koshuba.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw_qv_p3XJIZmQBdBeEnDqPJKHKLYHYxsVeyT55lF073D7mNVA-h5yj48Qf2IW1wo6PM45zF7ijnAb8t0ONgdysfNkg_SZKAvc84-ynJ0ihY_FzTHV-qv8X2gUqm42Q7jp3eYhICynyWVR/s320/John%252C+Joseph%252C+Anna+Koshuba.jpeg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Joseph(left) and John Koshuba(right), wearing Sich sashes.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The Sich society was started in 1900 in Shiatyn County in Galicia by Kyrylo Tryliovskyi, as a physical education and firefighting organization. Members of the Ukrainian Radical Party were instrumental in starting the group. Its mission was to promote national consciousness and patriotism, and to raise the
educational and cultural level of the peasants and people of the working
class. Members wore Ukrainian folk costumes and a crimson sash over their
shoulder, inscribed with the name of the wearer's village. They also
wore a hat with a red feather and a star-shaped badge on it.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgibIqtrDwSTCsqu-DyazMwwxe2W6WxGtctkAI2oB8ByRooH8xxQJ4OiZ9IAPZXjgFgXfLAdQHVOcuWGUXCDVaRWzyM-dpVVA_gKofGeLDF7XPeV7Fo9lm8HRB6dUagqtGwGWVduCchcq4g/s1600/Katherine+Rychly-Olexa+pylatuik+wedding.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgibIqtrDwSTCsqu-DyazMwwxe2W6WxGtctkAI2oB8ByRooH8xxQJ4OiZ9IAPZXjgFgXfLAdQHVOcuWGUXCDVaRWzyM-dpVVA_gKofGeLDF7XPeV7Fo9lm8HRB6dUagqtGwGWVduCchcq4g/s320/Katherine+Rychly-Olexa+pylatuik+wedding.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Katherine and Olexa Pylatiuk wearing sashes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In 1912, the Sich Society was renamed the Ukrainian Sich Union (USU). It grew quickly and by 1913, there were over 900 branches and 80,000 members in Galicia and in Ukrainian communities abroad. The group published song books, annual almanacs and a magazine, <i>Zoria</i>. The Ukrainian Sich Union was a parent of the Legion of Sich Riflemen, a unit of the Austrian-Hungarian army during World War I, fighting Russia on the Eastern Front. After the War, the unit became a regular unit of the West Ukrainian People's Republic. In 1919, The Ukrainian Sich Riflemen became part of the Ukrainian Galician Army, participating in the Polish-Ukrainian War. It was disbanded in 1920.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CS%5CI%5CSich%20Riflemen%20and%20Ukrainian%20Sich%20Riflemen%20officers%20(1918).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CS%5CI%5CSich%20Riflemen%20and%20Ukrainian%20Sich%20Riflemen%20officers%20(1918).jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ukrainian Sich Riflemen. Photo: Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
The society continued after World War I, when Galicia became part of Poland. In 1924 it was abolished by Polish government authorities.<br />
In the United States, The Sich Society began as a physical education and rifle society in 1915. By 1920, there were 60 branches and 3,000 members. From 1918 to 1923 they put out a biweekly publication, Sichovi Visty. In Minneapolis, a group called the Zaparhrozia Sich Social Society was organized in 1915. My grandfather and uncle were members. Other than the pictures above, I have found no other information about this group.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br /><br /><br /><br />
<br />
Sources.<br />
"The Sich Society", Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine<br />
"Ukrainian Sich Riflemen" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia<br />
Photo credits:<br />
<i>The Koshuba Family,</i> collection of E. Wons<br />
<i>Joseph and John Koshuba, </i>collection of Pauline Noznick<br />
<i>Katherine and Olexa Pylatiuk</i>, the Pylatiuk Family.eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-64405980088315821582016-05-11T16:36:00.001-05:002019-10-25T12:19:35.115-05:00The Story of Four Churches in NorthEast Minneapolis<br />
This post is about Ukrainian immigrants to Minneapolis, Minnesota and their efforts to establish a place of worship in one specific area of the city, Northeast Minneapolis. One of the first things that immigrant groups did after they became
established in the United States was to start a place of worship. The first Ukrainians came to Minneapolis in the 1878 from the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. At that time they were called Rusyns or Ruthenians, a name that came associated with the place of their origin, the Kievian Rus. Most of the immigrants in Minneapolis were from Galicia, the eastern-most area of the Austrian Empire and were Greek Catholics, who followed the Eastern Rite, which is similar to the Orthodox Church. Other Ukrainians/Rusyns came from Transcarpathian Ukraine, which bordered the Carpathian Mountains, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary. In 1596, Orthodox Ukrainians in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, merged with the Roman Catholic Church, but kept the religious practices and beliefs of the Orthodox Church, including marriage of priests. This new church was called the Uniate or Greek Catholic Church. The fact that the church allowed married priests, as in the Orthodox Church did would cause conflict in the Ukrainian community in the United States. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The first Ukrainian Greek Catholic priest in the United States, John Voliansky, came from Lviv to start a church in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania in 1884. Shortly after his arrival, he traveled to Philadelphia to present his credentials to Roman Catholic Archbishop Patrick Ryan. The Archbishop refused to see him because he was married. He was told by the Archbishop's chancellor to return immediately to Lviv. Voliansky ignored this, realizing that only his superiors in Lviv could end his mission.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.e-democracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/nempls2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://blog.e-democracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/nempls2.png" height="320" width="278" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Northeast Minneapolis is the area within the red line</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
Ruthenians establish a Church in Northeast Minneapolis. </h3>
Northeast is the oldest part of Minneapolis. The city is divided in half by the Mississippi River. It is divided again into quarters. On the east side of the river is North East and South East. North and South are on the west side of the River. Ruthenian/Rusyn immigrants settled in Northeast Minneapolis, an area with many industries and businesses where they found work.<br />
<br />
At first they attended a Polish Roman Catholic Church in the neighborhood. By 1889, there were enough Ukrainian/Ruthenian/Rusyn Greek Catholics in Minneapolis to start their own church. Rev. Voliansky came to Minneapolis from Pennsylvania to help the immigrants to organize their church. Reverend Alexis Toth, a widowed priest from Transcarpathia, came to Minnesota to be the pastor of the new church. He also had problems with the Roman Catholic hierarchy. When he arrived in Minnesota, he introduced himself to the Bishop of St Paul, John Ireland. When Bishop Ireland found out that Rev. Toth had been married, he told him that there was no place for married or widowed priests in the Roman Catholic Church and to leave Minnesota. Toth decided to stay in Minneapolis, and the first Greek Catholic Church was established in Minneapolis.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<h3>
The First Greek Catholic Church in Minneapolis: St Mary's Greek Catholic Church founded in 1889. </h3>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://images.oca.org/parishes/v-1348173059/oca-mw-minsmk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://images.oca.org/parishes/v-1348173059/oca-mw-minsmk.jpg" height="176" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St Mary's Orthodox Cathedral built in 1906</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
</h3>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Alexis_Toth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Alexis_Toth.jpg" width="122" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Father Alexis Toth</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
St Mary's Greek Catholic Church at 1701 5th St N.E. was founded in 1889, Father Toth was the pastor there from 1889 to 1891. Because he had been married, the Roman Catholic Church would not support Father Toth and his new church, so he started a grocery store to support himself and the church. The church grew, but eventually Toth realized since there was no place for him in the Roman Catholic
Church, he would convert to the Orthodox faith. At that time, there was
no Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the United States or anywhere else in
the world, so he joined the Russian Orthodox Church. He started a
return to Orthodoxy movement and over 7000 Greek Catholic Rusyns joined
him. He received pastoral and financial help from the Russian Orthodox
Church, based in Moscow and from the Tsar. St Mary's became a Russian Orthodox Church in 1883 with Father Toth as its pastor. In 1905, a Russian Orthodox seminary was opened at St Mary's, the first in the United States. The original church, built in 1887 burned down in 1905 and was replaced by a much larger building in 1906, funded by the Russian Orthodox Church. By 1916, there were
almost 100,000 members of the Russian Orthodox Church in the United
States, and 80% of them were Ukrainian. <br />
Because of his leadership in establishing the Russian Orthodox Church in Minnesota and starting the first Russian Orthodox Seminary in the United States, Father Alexis Toth became a Russian Orthodox saint in 1994.<br />
<br />
<h3>
St John the Baptist Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, founded in 1907. </h3>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.byzcath.org/joomla/images/sobipro/entries/996/336_ico.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.byzcath.org/joomla/images/sobipro/entries/996/336_ico.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Church. It is the second building, built in 1926.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
When St Mary's Church became a Russian Orthodox Church, many Rusyns chose not to worship there. Along with new Ukrainian immigrants to Minneapolis, they started a group, St John The Baptist Lodge, which organized a Greek Catholic Church in 1902. Land was acquired and a house was converted into a church at 2215 Third St NE. By this time, relations with Bishop Ireland had normalized, and St John's became associated with the Roman Catholic Church. However, there were conflicts within the church between members from different parts of Ukraine, immigrants from Galicia and those from Transcarpathia. The members from Galicia left and started new Greek Catholic Church, St Constantine Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, at 6th St N.E. and University Ave about a mile from St John the Baptist Church. The split devastated St John the Baptist, for three years there was no priest assigned to the Church. All religious functions were performed at St Constantine's. When a priest from Transcarpathia came to St John's in 1915, it began to function as a church again. After the first building burned down, a new church building was built in 1926. Today it is known as St John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Church and is part of the Roman Catholic Church.<br />
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
St Constantine Ukrainian Catholic Church, founded in 1912.</h3>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://c2.staticflickr.com/8/7001/6572622539_3990a83ea0_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://c2.staticflickr.com/8/7001/6572622539_3990a83ea0_b.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St Constantine Ukrainian Catholic Church, built in 1972.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
By 1913, Slavic immigrants made up 25% of the population of Northeast Minneapolis. Ukrainian immigrants from Galicia who left St John the Baptist Church, started St Constantine Ruthenian Catholic Church in 1912, the first services were held in a rented hall on 5th St NE and 22 Ave. In 1913 land was acquired on Sixth St NE and University Avenue and a church building was constructed. <br />
World War I was a difficult time for Ukrainians in the United States, since many of the battles were fought in Galicia, their homeland. Since many had family members still living there, they followed news of the war closely. Although World War I ended in 1918, fighting continued until 1920, when Galicia became part of Poland and Transcarpathian Ukraine became part of Hungary and Romania. <br />
Ukrainian immigrants opened the Ukrainian National Home in Minneapolis, a social club and a place where they could keep Ukrainian traditions alive.<br />
<br />
After the collapse of Russia, Ukrainian immigrants were inspired by the short lived independence of Ukraine. When Ukrainians broke away from the
Russian Orthodox Church and started a new church, the Ukrainian Autocephalous Church in Ukraine in 1921, immigrants in Minneapolis
followed these events closely. So when Archbishop John Theodorovych of
the new Ukrainian Orthodox Church spoke at the Ukrainian National Home in 1925, his speech inspired several members of St Constantine's Church to meet
and discuss the possibility of establishing a Ukrainian Orthodox Church in Minneapolis. One concern of many immigrants was that The Greek Catholic Church was becoming more and more like the Roman Catholic Church and that Ukrainian cultural and national traditions were neglected. This new church was going to be different, it would continue Ukrainian religious traditions, but it would also work to develop Ukrainian nationalism and and preserve its culture.<br />
<h3>
<br /> </h3>
<h3>
St Michael's Ukrainian Orthodox Church is founded in 1925.</h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://orthodoxcanada.ca/images/e/e0/Archbishop-John-(Theodorovych)-of-Philadelphia-(1887-1971).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://orthodoxcanada.ca/images/e/e0/Archbishop-John-(Theodorovych)-of-Philadelphia-(1887-1971).jpg" height="320" width="208" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Archbishop John Theodorovych</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
St Michael's Ukrainian Orthodox Church was founded for several reasons. According to Alexander Granovsky, who wrote a history of the Church on its 50th anniversary in 1975:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
First, there was dissatisfaction with the progressive Latinization of their own and of the Uniate Church. Second, it was a move to have the opportunity to maintain their own correct national identity and to carry on their Ukrainian patriotic life and to help their kinsmen in Ukraine...and to continue their fight for national freedom. Third, The undoubted stimulation of the power of the rebirth of the ancient Ukrainian National Orthodox Church in 192. It was not like erecting a church for an old parish--it was creating the first church for one of the first new parishes of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in America!</div>
</blockquote>
The Church became the center of the Ukrainian Community in Minneapolis, provided not only religious guidance, but also cultural and educational leadership. <br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://housesofworship.umn.edu/sites/housesofworship.umn.edu/files/St.%20Michael's%20Ukrainian%20Orthodox.%20505%204th%20St.%20NE.%20Built%201926.%20NE%20Mpls.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://housesofworship.umn.edu/sites/housesofworship.umn.edu/files/St.%20Michael's%20Ukrainian%20Orthodox.%20505%204th%20St.%20NE.%20Built%201926.%20NE%20Mpls.JPG" width="298" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St Michal's Ukrainian Orthodox Church at 505 4th NE, one block from St Constantine's Church</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-88266276196523237732016-03-28T08:46:00.001-05:002016-03-28T16:03:24.282-05:00Explaining Ukrainian Surnames Part Three<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/uk/c/cd/Map_of_Ukraine_(1740).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/uk/c/cd/Map_of_Ukraine_(1740).jpg" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1740 Map showing Ukraine in Yellow.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">This post is the third part of my summary of Greg Gressa's article "The Origins and Meaning of Ukrainian Surnames." I found this article on the Ukrainian Genealogy site at least 15 years ago and it has disappeared. Greg Gressa compiled this information from texts by Jeff Picknicki of the University of Manitoba, and works by John-Paul Himka, Frances A. Swyripa of the University of Alberta and others. He included a short biography of sources of information about the history and meaning of Ukrainian names. I would be happy to share this list with interested people. Please email me <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">at <u>pauline.noznick@gmail</u>.com</span> or leave a comment at the end of this post and I will get back to you.</span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Cambria;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
panose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page Section1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in .6in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Structural Classifications of Ukrainian Surnames.</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Ukrainian surnames can be classified according to their
grammatical structure and morphological features as adjectives and nouns.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Adjectival Surnames</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Most Ukrainian surnames that behave like adjectives have the
following suffixes:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>–sk,-ck,-zk ,
as well as the endings yj /ij, (masculine ending) or a/ia, (feminine ending).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In the Ukrainian language, adjectives must agree with nouns
in number, gender and case.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Adjectival surnames will have a masculine, feminine and plural form.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the United States, the “j” was
dropped from many surnames that ended with yj, and many times the feminine
ending was no longer used.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Adjectival surnames
are formed from the name of a place where an ancestor lived or originated.</b></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-insideh-themecolor: text1; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev-themecolor: text1; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ukrainian root word</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.1pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suffix</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Adjectival ending</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Masculine form</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.7pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Feminine form</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Plural form</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">English Meaning</b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">More</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.1pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">sk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">yj</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Morskyj</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.7pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Morska</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Morski</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Lived near the sea/shore</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Brod</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.1pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">sk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">yj</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Brodskyj</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.7pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Brodska</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Brodski</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">From the city of Brody</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Halych</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.1pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">sk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">yj</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Halytskyj</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.7pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Halytska</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Halytski</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">From the city of Halych</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Adjectival Surnames
which formed from first names.</b></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-insideh-themecolor: text1; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev-themecolor: text1; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ukrainian first
name</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Suffix</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Adjectival ending</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Masculine form</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Feminine form</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Plural form</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">English meaning</b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pavlov</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Sk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Yj</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pavlovskyj</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pavlovska</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pavlovski</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Children of Pavlov (Paul)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fedir</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Sk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Yj</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fedorivskyj</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fedorivska</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fedorivski</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Children of Fedir (various forms of Theodore)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Tomko</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Sk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">yj</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Tomkivskyj</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Tomkivska</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Tomkivski</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.85pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Children of Tomko</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nominal Surnames</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Nominal surnames behave like nouns. This type of surname
makes up one of the largest groups in the Ukrainian language.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most are based on
nicknames.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The origins of many of
these names are obscure and how they came to be is anyone’s guess. The actual
reasons behind the formation of the surname probably will never be known.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Surnames from names
of birds:</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Soroka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>magpie</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Vorona<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>crow</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Derkach<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>crake</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://carolinabirds.org/People/CurtisDaveLG/Crake,_Corn_Dave_Curtis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://carolinabirds.org/People/CurtisDaveLG/Crake,_Corn_Dave_Curtis.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">European Crake</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Pica_pica_-_Compans_Caffarelli_-_2012-03-16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Pica_pica_-_Compans_Caffarelli_-_2012-03-16.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">European Magpie</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Surnames from names
of animals:</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Baran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ram</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Buhaj<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>bull</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Vovk<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>wolf</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Medvid<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>bear</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Kovbe<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>type
of fish</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Kotyk, koshka<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Surnames from plants
and trees</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Kulbaba<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dandelion</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Bereza<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>birch</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Kalyna<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cranberry</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Surnames from names
of foods</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Maslo<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>butter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Maslianka<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>buttermilk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Smetana<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cream</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Kapusta<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cabbage</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Surnames suffixes
that indicate progeny, regional origin or regional characteristics.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The following
suffixes are added to first names to indicate progeny </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">-chuk<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-chak<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-uk<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iuk<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-ak-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-ych<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-evych<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-ovych<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-ets<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-iv<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-yn<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-enko<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nominal Surnames with suffixes that
indicate Progeny</b></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-insideh-themecolor: text1; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev-themecolor: text1; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">First name</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.85pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Suffix</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">English meaning</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Surname</b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Sava</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.85pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">chuk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Progeny of Sava</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Savchuk</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Maksym</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.85pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">chak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Progeny of Maksym</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Maksymchak</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Taras</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.85pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">uk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">progeny of Taras</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Tarasuk</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pavlo</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.85pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">iuk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">progeny of pavlo</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pavliuk</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Harasym</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.85pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">progeny of Harasym</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Harasymak</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Roman</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.85pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ych</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Progeny of Roman</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Romanych</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Danylo</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.85pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ovych</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Progeny of Danylo</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Danylovych</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Mykhailo</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.85pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">evych</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Progeny of Mykhailo</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Mikhailevych</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Prokip</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.85pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ets</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Progeny of Prokip</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Prokipets</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fedir</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.85pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">iv</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Progeny of Fedir</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fedoriv</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pavlo</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.85pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">yn</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Progeny of Pavlo</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pavlyn</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Vasyl</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.85pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">enko</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Progeny of Vasyl</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Vasylenko</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Historical_regions_of_Ukraine.png/640px-Historical_regions_of_Ukraine.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Historical_regions_of_Ukraine.png/640px-Historical_regions_of_Ukraine.png" width="320" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Historical Regions of Ukraine</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The following
surnames indicate the place name where an ancestor may have originated.</b></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-insideh-themecolor: text1; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev-themecolor: text1; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Place name</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Suffix</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Meaning in English</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Surname</b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Podillia</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">chuk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">From the region of Podillia</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Podolianchuk</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Polissia</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">chuk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">From the region of Polissia</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.6in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Polishchuk</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.les-crises.fr/images/images-diverses/2014/crimee/21-regions-oblasts-ukraine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.les-crises.fr/images/images-diverses/2014/crimee/21-regions-oblasts-ukraine.jpg" height="409" width="640" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Although this is a French map, the Ukrainian Oblasts are clearly labeled.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Suffixes that
indicate regional characteristics</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Western Ukraine</b>:
Surnames with the following suffixes are most common to </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Western Ukraine, especially in the oblasts of Volyn, Roven,Ternopil’, L’viv,
Ivano-Frankivsk and Mykolayiv. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">–chuk, -chak, -uk, -iuk, -skyj,
ckyj, zkyj.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Central and Eastern
Ukraine:</b> Surnames ending with –enko are most common in central and Eastern
Ukraine, especially in the oblasts of Kiev, Cherkassy, Poltava, and
Kherson.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Greg Gressa states
that “Surnames with the –enko suffix are said to be the most typically
Ukrainian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are common only
among surnames of Ukrainian origin and are not found in any other Slavic
group.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Surname suffixes that
are common Ukrainian and other Slavic groups.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Surnames ending in the following suffixes are also found
among Russian and Polish surnames, but are spelled differently. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">-chuk, -chak, -ych, -ovych and –evych.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Surnames that are
combinations or root words</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">These surnames combine two root words.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Adjective + noun<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bilodub<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>white
oak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Noun +verb<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>palyvoda<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>person
who could burn even water</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pronoun + verb<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>samokhval<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>person
who praises </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> himself</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Numeral + noun<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sorokolat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>forty
years</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ukrainian Surnames of
Foreign Origin<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Some Ukrainian surnames have foreign origins, but these are
small in number. There are<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>several
ways<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that Ukrainian surnames show foreign
origins. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One way was when a
foreigner settled in a Ukrainian area, he/she might be named for his/her
foreign origins. Some examples include; Besarab/Besaraba, from Bessarabia,
Moskalyk, from Russia or Shvedyk, a Swede.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Sometimes he/she would have a name that came from his/her
native language.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lahenza and Bonk
are from Polish, Shpot, German; Halibey and Murza are of Tatar origin and Lupul
and Dzera are Romanian. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In the case foreign origins of Ukrainian surnames, there is
a family story that some of my ancestors were Czech.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The family name was Rychlyj, and in my genealogy research, I
have come across this name many times, especially in immigration records.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The few times I saw this name attached
to a Ruthenian(Ukrainian) immigrant, it was to a member of my family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All the other immigrants were either
Bohemian or Moravian, which are regions in the Czech Republic today,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com24tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-84452951665773411542016-03-17T16:25:00.001-05:002016-03-17T16:25:06.901-05:00Easter is coming--It's time for Ukrainian Easter Eggs!This post is a reprise of two posts from last year. Please enjoy.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfKvGNgpGHdPrUhKbdxr-LvB1QAAOVuR1gUHus2ZlseUfh-MGPwMCVz0fBWs9z1XiYwBOZd4iNGJ5oqt-0C6jmc3KyO1CzhukTyEDeP0RDzj8fpOUYL1hlV50l8mF7faPeMwFBKSN_dt5v/s1600/IMG_1305.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfKvGNgpGHdPrUhKbdxr-LvB1QAAOVuR1gUHus2ZlseUfh-MGPwMCVz0fBWs9z1XiYwBOZd4iNGJ5oqt-0C6jmc3KyO1CzhukTyEDeP0RDzj8fpOUYL1hlV50l8mF7faPeMwFBKSN_dt5v/s320/IMG_1305.jpg" width="219" /></a></div>
<br />
What do the colors, designs and symbols mean? Clink on the link below to find out.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://eeroots.blogspot.com/2015/04/pysanky-decoded.html" target="_blank">Pysanky Decoded</a></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP7G0H30AcVBMhxhDFriS__bQho6Ozk2CvvCHQgkaeKa5SitYYhwHfb8OHjtpZOZRyDv88yUQf4IPL4n2gtmX6FZim_znW2j8HBSJOyFGZ4PQ9ZfhCBh7ez_aDlzf0RDC5E9ecuUvcbVTU/s1600/Bunia+painting+eggs.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP7G0H30AcVBMhxhDFriS__bQho6Ozk2CvvCHQgkaeKa5SitYYhwHfb8OHjtpZOZRyDv88yUQf4IPL4n2gtmX6FZim_znW2j8HBSJOyFGZ4PQ9ZfhCBh7ez_aDlzf0RDC5E9ecuUvcbVTU/s400/Bunia+painting+eggs.jpeg" width="270" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My grandmother, Pauline Rychly Koshuba in the late 1930's</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8B-yoAEw9yEPIwUPa6AkLTHzpz0ZCkIfNDYMt890MS7DY3V0VgGrDSROL_uXfJof3llSuKsgj1ZqlO8nCh_NTX7LinXdl6_JlcAgCol6lnY957raCveqFsVytjA3FWKP2gCu7U4YI67hC/s1600/Scan+3.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8B-yoAEw9yEPIwUPa6AkLTHzpz0ZCkIfNDYMt890MS7DY3V0VgGrDSROL_uXfJof3llSuKsgj1ZqlO8nCh_NTX7LinXdl6_JlcAgCol6lnY957raCveqFsVytjA3FWKP2gCu7U4YI67hC/s400/Scan+3.jpeg" width="303" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My mother, Julia Koshuba Noznick in the 1930's</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
My mother and grandmother made pysanky. I tried but never had much success.<br />
Click on the link below to find out more about Pysanky and the Ukrainian community in Minneapolis, Minnesota.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://eeroots.blogspot.com/2015/03/pysanky-my-personal-history.html" target="_blank">Pysanky: A bit of Family History</a> </span></span>eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-20366632391073674882016-03-15T14:59:00.001-05:002016-03-15T14:59:11.513-05:00Explaining Ukrainian Surnames Part TwoThis post continues the summary of Grey Gressa's article, "Origins and Meaning of Ukrainian Surnames"<br />
<br />
Many Ukrainian surnames originates from the occupation or profession of an ancestor at the time when surnames began to be recorded, which covers a time period of over five hundred years--1300-1800. Please read the previous post from March 9, 2016, "Explaining Ukrainian Surnames Part One".<br />
Part Three will cover suffixes and other grammatical structures that add meaning to surnames. <br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
Surnames from Occupations and Professions </h2>
<h3>
Surnames from Administrative and government terms</h3>
Starosta village elder<br />
Viitenk, vdichenko village mayor, also known as the Viit <br />
Pysar scribe, official recorder<br />
Desyantnik foreman<br />
Voyevoda governor<br />
Vozniak, Wozniak bailiff<br />
<h3>
</h3>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.mapofukraine.net/kyiv/pyrohiv/img/pyrohiv_museum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.mapofukraine.net/kyiv/pyrohiv/img/pyrohiv_museum.jpg" height="146" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ukrainian Village</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
Surnames that indicate social class<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://taras-shevchenko.infolike.net/uploaded/images/articles/archive-news/museum_kr/T_Shevchenko_museum_Kirivigrad_9702.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://taras-shevchenko.infolike.net/uploaded/images/articles/archive-news/museum_kr/T_Shevchenko_museum_Kirivigrad_9702.jpg" height="188" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Shevchenko and the Serfs</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Bachach wealthy man</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Kripak serf</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Panych gentleman, noble</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Holota poor man/person</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Shliakhta gentleman/gentry</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><b> </b></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><b>Surnames from military terms</b></span></h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Hetman Cossack leader/chief (still used during World War I)</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Kozak cossack, soldier who fought on horseback</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Ulan lancer<b> </b></span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Soldat<b> </b>soldier</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Zhovnir soldier </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://castinet.castilleja.org/users/pmckee/russianweb/cossacks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://castinet.castilleja.org/users/pmckee/russianweb/cossacks.jpg" height="260" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><b>Surnames from the arts</b></span></h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Spivak singer</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Malyar painter</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Kynzhnyk scribe, writer</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Dudar piper </span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><b> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://honchar.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/4006-558x286.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://honchar.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/4006-558x286.jpg" height="205" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Painting by Ukrainian painter Ivan Honchar</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><b> </b></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><b>Surnames relating to religion or the church</b></span></h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Palamar sacristan</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Vladyka archbishop</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Diak clerk, cantor </span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Tytar church warden </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CB%5CO%5CBoiko%20wooden%20church.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CB%5CO%5CBoiko%20wooden%20church.jpg" height="224" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><b>Surnames relating to economic life, the trades and rural occupations </b></span></h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Melnyk miller</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Tkach, Tkachuk weaver</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Kylymnyk weaver or maker of rugs </span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Vynnk vinter, winemaker</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Pyvovar brewer</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Rudnyk miner</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Hutniak glass maker</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Bodnar, bodnaruk cooper, a person who made barrels</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Honchar pottter, maker of pottery and crockery </span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Koval, kovalchuk blacksmith</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Kolodiy cartwright, built carts</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Kolisnyk wheelmaker</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Kravets, kravetsiv tailor</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">kravchenko, kravchuk</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">krawchuk</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">kushnir tanner </span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Pekar baker</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Orach plowman</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Chaban, vivchar shepard</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Kosar made/grew hay</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Kupets, kupechenko merchant, shopkeeper</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Kramar shopkeeper</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Shynkar innkeeper</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Ptashnyk person who raises fowl</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Rybalka fisherman</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Bobrovnyk trapper</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Shevchenko, shevts shoemaker, cobbler</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Volovyk, wolowyk oxherder </span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CP%5CY%5CPymonenko_Mykola_Hay_Gathering_in_Ukraine_1907.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CP%5CY%5CPymonenko_Mykola_Hay_Gathering_in_Ukraine_1907.jpg" height="235" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mykola Pymenenko "Gathering Hay"</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3>
Surnames derived from Individual's Physical Characteristics</h3>
These names may have come from nick-names and some have had unflattering connotations.<br />
<br />
<h4>
Surnames from parts of the body</h4>
Nis nose<br />
Zub teeth<br />
Noha foot<br />
oko eye<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.bam.org/media/2320294/27709_MetLiveInHD_Images_THE_NOSE_PC_KenHoward_Metropolitan%20Opera_613x463.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.bam.org/media/2320294/27709_MetLiveInHD_Images_THE_NOSE_PC_KenHoward_Metropolitan%20Opera_613x463.jpg" height="241" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Scene from Shostakovich's opera, "The Nose", based on a story by Gogol.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<h4>
Surnames from physical characteristics of an ancestor</h4>
Kutsyi short<br />
Holynastyi, holinaty long-legged<br />
Bezushko missing an ear<br />
Hlukh deaf<br />
Rudiak red headed<br />
Borodayko Has a beard<br />
Kryvonis crooked nose<br />
Dziuba, dzioba beak-nose <br />
Horbatiuk humpbacked<br />
Sostak Has six fingers<br />
Balan blond<br />
Bilyi, Bilyk light complexion<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://ukrainianguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/8ae25caf2431.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://ukrainianguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/8ae25caf2431.jpg" height="246" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">painting by Mykola Hlushchenko</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<h4>
Surnames from character or psychological traits of an ancestor</h4>
Dobrun a good and kind person<br />
Duma thoughtful <br />
Balaken talkative<br />
Zaderii argumentative<br />
Brekhun a liar<br />
Hulei person who deceives <br />
Hladka overweight, fat or stout<br />
Hergot, hergota person who sound like quacking ducks<br />
Svystun person who whistles<br />
Mandrusiak person who wanders<br />
Dervak first born<br />
Tretiak third one, probably third child<br />
Burchylo unfriendly<br />
zakhodho a loner, rarely visits others <br />
Odynets person who keeps to him/herself<br />
<br />
Zhurba sorrowful <br />
Plaksa crier, crybaby<br />
Zabudko forgetful <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h4>
</h4>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-13201028863245498322016-03-09T20:44:00.000-06:002016-03-09T21:17:22.840-06:00 Explaining Ukrainian Surnames Part One<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CB%5CE%5CBeauplan_Map_of_Ukraine%201648.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CB%5CE%5CBeauplan_Map_of_Ukraine%201648.jpg" height="504" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Beauplan's Map of Ukraine 1647</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Many people wonder about the meaning of their surname. The meanings of many English surnames are easy, but what if your ancestors didn't come from the British Isles? Do you have any idea what your surname means in English?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
If you are of Ukrainian or Polish ancestry, I may have a few answers for you. About 20 years I found an article by Greg Gressa about Ukrainian surnames online. It has disappeared from cyberspace, but I'm glad that I printed it for my father many years ago. This post is a summary of that article. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Surnames were developed for business purposes and accurate record keeping. Sales of land and villages were recorded and in order to differentiate the parties, who might have the same first name, a surname was necessary. By the 14-15th century, surnames were used by the princes, upper class, nobles and large land owners. In the cities and towns, surnames became necessary in the 15-16th century. Most of the people in cities were either tradesmen or merchants, and needed to record their business transactions.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
After the partitions of Poland (1772-1795), the peasants needed surnames because they were necessary for taxation purposes and military service. In the Austrian Empire churches were required to keep records of all births, deaths and marriages. In 1632, Orthodox Metropolitan Petro Mohyla ordered priests include a surname in all record of birth, marriage and death. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CM%5CO%5CMohyla%20Petro%20icon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CM%5CO%5CMohyla%20Petro%20icon.jpg" height="320" width="245" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Petro Mohyla, 1597-1647.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
There are four types of Ukrainian surnames.</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Surnames formed from first names</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Surnames based on places, either residence or ethnic origin.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Surnames based on occupation or profession</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. Surnames based on an individual's physical or psychological characteristics.<br />
<br />
I will write about the first two types of surnames, and continue with the others next week. </div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
Surnames based on First Names</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This group is large and diverse. They are formed from the first name of a father, mother, grandfather, or the founder of a family. From ten to twenty surnames can be formed from one first name.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The most common Ukrainian first names were: Andrij, Choma, Danylo, Demian, Fedir, Harasym, Havrylo, Hryhir, Illia, Ivan, Jakiv, Josyp, Juriy, Klym, Lavro, Luka, Maria, Marviy, Mykola, Mykhailo, Oleksander, Pavlo, Petro, Prokip, Pylyp, Roman, Sava, Stepan, Tymofiy and Vasyl. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
From the first name Ivan, meaning John in English, 130 different surnames can be formed. The most common variations of Ivan in Ukrainian are Ivas, Jan, Vakhno, and Vanko. The surnames based on Ivan include: Ivaniv, Ivankiv, Ivasiv, Ivashko, Ivankhiv, Janiv, Jankiv, Vakhniak, Ivaniuk, and Jantsur.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
More examples of surnames based on first name:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Andrii, Andrew in English: Andriiash, Andriiets, Andrusyshyn and Andrukhovych</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Hryhorii, Gregory in English: Hryniuk, Hryniv, Hryhoruk</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Mykjalio, Michael in English: Mykhailuk, Michayluk</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Pavlo, Paul in English: Pavlovych, Pavliuk, Payliuk, Pavluk</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Stepan, Steven in English, Stefaniuk, Stefanyk.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Surnames based on women's names are rare. Malanchyn is based on the name Malanka, Palahniuk comes from Palahna, Marunchak from Marunia (a form of Maria). </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
When a woman married, she was known by a form of her husband's first name. If her husband's name was Petro, she was Petrykha, (wife of Petro). From these matronymic forms, surnames ending in "yshyn" were created. Petryshyn came from Petrykha, 'Romanyshyn from Romanykha and Ivanyshyn from Ivanykha. All Ukrainian surnames ending with the suffix "yshyn can be traced to matronymic forms. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
Surnames based on Residence or Origin</h3>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
Surnames which show the actual place an ancestor came from:</h4>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CG%5CA%5CGalicia_Map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CG%5CA%5CGalicia_Map.jpg" height="391" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map of Galicia, showing Transcarpathia, Ternopil and Halych</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
These names are based on a a town, village, city or region that the ancestor was from.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ternopilskyj, from the city of Ternopil'</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Volyniak, from the region of Volyn.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ostrivnyj, lived on an island.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Novokhatskyj, lived in a new house.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Names that begin with the prefix "za" mean beyond or past.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Zaozirnyj, lived past the lake</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Zabolotnyj, lived beyond the marsh.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Names that begin with the prefix "pid" mean under, by or beside.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Piddubnyj, lived under an oak tree.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Pidhirnyj, lived beside the hill/</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Names based on a specific place a person came from.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Kryzhanovsky, from the Polish village of Kryzhanowice.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Besarab, Basaraba, came from Bessarabia.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Halytsky came from the town of Halych.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Names that show ethnic, national or tribal origins other than Ukrainian.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Nimchuk, from Germany (Nimets means German in Ukrainian)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Shvedyk, from Sweden. (Shved mean Swede in Ukrainian)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tataryn, means Tartar, the Turkic people of the "Golden Horde."</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Venhrynovych, came from Hungary</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Moskalyk, came from Russia.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Boyko, Boiko, Boichuk, Bojchuk, From the Ukrainian work boyko, a Carpatho-Rusyn people from Transcarpathia. (One of my ancestor's surname was Boyko.) </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Voloshyn, from Volokh, an ancient tribe that originally lived in Romania and Moldova.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://scontent.cdninstagram.com/t51.2885-15/s320x320/e35/12798177_232359747104922_1992395087_n.jpg?ig_cache_key=MTE5NDAxNjAyMDkwNTY5MzMwOQ%3D%3D.2.l" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://scontent.cdninstagram.com/t51.2885-15/s320x320/e35/12798177_232359747104922_1992395087_n.jpg?ig_cache_key=MTE5NDAxNjAyMDkwNTY5MzMwOQ%3D%3D.2.l" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Family wearing traditional Boyko clothing</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Sources</b><br />
The Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine<br />
Gressa, Grgory, "Origins and Meanings of Ukrainian Surnames."<b></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-76856198646554216722016-02-17T15:44:00.003-06:002016-02-17T15:48:04.433-06:00SERFDOM IN RUSSIA<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.russianpaintings.net/articleimg/makovskiy_vladimir/makovskiy_vladimir_peasant_children_1890.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.russianpaintings.net/articleimg/makovskiy_vladimir/makovskiy_vladimir_peasant_children_1890.jpg" height="530" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Peasant Children. painting by Vladimir Makovskiy 1890</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Serfdom in Russia was very much like serfdom in the Polish-Lithuanian
Confederation, but it developed and ended later in Russia than it did in
Poland. Serfs were tied to the land, expected to work a specific number of days
for the landlord and allowed to farm some land for themselves. Serfdom in
Russia, as in Poland, was not connected to feudalism. It dev<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">eloped in both p<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">laces</span> because the nobility<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> needed a <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">cheap source of labo<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">r to w<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ork thei<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">r large estates.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://eeroots.blogspot.com/2016/02/serfdom-in-polish-lithuanian.html" target="_blank">More about serfdom in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://media.guggenheim.org/content/arts_curriculum/masters/russian_L5_l.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://media.guggenheim.org/content/arts_curriculum/masters/russian_L5_l.jpg" height="181" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Barge Haulers on the Volga" Ilya Repin, 1870-73.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Muscovite Russia 1533-1682 </span></h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Serfdom developed during the Muscovite Period, 1533-1682, <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">on </span>foundations <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">which were </span>laid earlier. The practice was the cornerstone of
Muscovite agriculture and supported the structure of the state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No laws were passed regulating serfs in
the early days, but the government did limit movement of serfs and <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">required</span> that
runaway serfs be returned to the landowner. In 1649 Tsar Alexis issued
an Utoshe, a decree that tied peasants to their landlord’s estates, and
required their labor. The Utoshe confirmed the idea that once a peasant became
a serf, he and his descendants would always be serfs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Muscovite Russia, the peasant class included serfs,
slaves and state peasants. Peasants could sell themselves into slavery, which
happened during hard times. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></span>State peasants worked for the government, not
landlords.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As serfdom grew, the
distinctions between serfs and slaves disappeared.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Imperial Russia 1682-1914</span></h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Peter II, The Great, enlarged Russian territory during his rule.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He put a tax on the male population,
and made paying it the responsibility of the landlord.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the landlords passed the
tax on to the serfs. As a result of this tax, landlords began to think of their
serfs as property, which could be bought and sold. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">During the rule of Peter’s successors, Catherine I, Anne,
and Elizabeth, serfs were forbidden to buy and sell real estate, mills or
factories. They could borrow money only with their landlord’s permission. In
1736, laws were enacted that required serfs<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span>to get their landlord's permission to leave the estate for
temporary employment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
1754, serfs were listed in the criminal code as property of the landowner. Since
Russian serfs, like ser<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">fs in the Polish-Lithuanian Comm<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o</span>nwealth</span> were attached to the land, when the land was sold, the serfs were
included in the sale. <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">H</span>owever,<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span>in Russia individual serfs could be bought and sold.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://outline-of-history.mindvessel.net/_images/0800.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://outline-of-history.mindvessel.net/_images/0800.png" height="640" width="587" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Russia<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">n territor<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">y increased </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">during the rule of Catherine II, The Great. </span>as a result of the Partitions of Poland
(1772-1795), <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The </span>population
increased by six million people and land by 178,000 sq. miles. Serfdom already
existed in the areas of Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth acquired by Russia, and Catherine wanted to
expand Russian style serfdom to the new acquired areas. Although Catherine was considered a reformer, her reforms did not improve conditions for the serfs. In 1775, when she reformed
local government<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">, the serfs were overlooked.</span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">R</span>ights of the landlords were strengthened and they were acknowledged
as the full owners of their estates without any restrictions. She gave huge
grants of state land and peasants to her supporters and favorites. Serfs were
forbidden to leave estates and to remain in their place and calling. In the
Census of 1794-6, 53% of all peasants and 49% of Russia’s population were
serfs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Empress_Catherine_The_Great_circa_1770_(D.G._Levitsky).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Empress_Catherine_The_Great_circa_1770_(D.G._Levitsky).JPG" width="271" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="justify"><td class="tr-caption">Catherine the Great, about the time of the Polish Partition.</td><td class="tr-caption">Painting by D.G. Levitsky</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Russian serfs owned and farmed their own plots, which were
larger than the plots of serfs in the Austrian Empire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They could also sell their surplus
crops for a profit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">I</span>f they paid a fee, the “Obrok”, to their landlord, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">they were</span> allow<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ed</span> to leave the estate to work elsewhere for
wages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By 1857, 67% of serfs were
on the “Obrok.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">, which became a source of income for the landlord. </span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">One half of <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Russian <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">peasants</span></span> were
state <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">serfs</span> who paid a tax to the state and were allowed to leave the
community to find work.</span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">They generally were better off than peasants who were privately owned. Landlords could take serfs from the land and use them has servants in their ho<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">use</span>. House serfs did not work the land and had no plots<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> of land for themselves. </span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://artinvestment.ru/content/download/news_2010/20110108_karrik_krestyanskie_dety.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://artinvestment.ru/content/download/news_2010/20110108_karrik_krestyanskie_dety.jpg" height="219" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Peasant Children. Photograph by William Carrick, 1860</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It was possible
for serfs to become wealthy, but this was not common. Western European travelers
in Russia during the 19<sup>th</sup> century <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>noticed that Russian peasants appeared to be better off than
peasants in France or Ireland, had larger houses, more farm animals and
larger plots.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">T</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">hough <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">some </span>Russ<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ian </span>serfs were more prosperous than peasants in other areas of
Europe, they lacked rights enjoyed by peasants in most other European
countries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They had no civil rights
and no way to address wrongs inflicted on them by their landowner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> They could not leave the l<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">andlor<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">d's estate without his permission. They could be exiled to Siberia for bad behavior. Some had to get the lord's pe<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">rmission to marry.</span></span></span> They could be bought and sold<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">. </span></span>The<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ir lives</span> were totally subject to the will
of their owner.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Serfdom Ends in Russia</span></h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Attitudes toward serfdom began to change during the 19<sup>th</sup>
century. Many Russians believed that serfdom was inhumane and should be done
away with. The Crimean War showed
that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>there problems in Russian
society and <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">changes were necessary</span>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1856, Tsar Alexander
II said “Better to abolish serfdom from above than wait until it abolishes
itself from below.” When he came to the throne in 1858, 37% of all Russians
were serfs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.historytoday.com/sites/default/files/serfdom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.historytoday.com/sites/default/files/serfdom.jpg" height="295" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Reading the Manifesto." painting by Boris Kustodiev, 1907</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span></span>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.library.yale.edu/slavic/coins/images/portraits/Alexander2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.library.yale.edu/slavic/coins/images/portraits/Alexander2.jpg" height="200" width="153" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tsar Alexander II</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Serfdom was abolished on February 19, 1861 by a decree
issued by <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Tsar Alexander II.</span></span> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The serf was
now free and owned<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span>his land<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">.</span> The
provisions of the emancipation we</span>re designed to protect the interests of the
landlords as well as those of the peasants.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The landlord <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">retained</span> about half of estate’s land, the peasants
received the other half. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
average size of peasant plots was about 27 acres in the Russian Empire, 18
acres in the parts of Ukraine, which were acquired in the Partitions of Poland. The landlords were compensated by the sale of government
treasury bonds, which were to be paid for by the former<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span>serfs over a
period of 49 years. The former <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">serfs continued to pay the head ta<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">x, even though it was no longer paid by other Russians.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/files/2012/09/myasoedov_harvest.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/files/2012/09/myasoedov_harvest.jpg" height="185" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">"Harvesting" painting by G. Myasoyedov 1887</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">T</span>he emancipation benefited the landlords more
than the peasants. Serfs received land, but not enough. Their new land
allotment was 10% to 40% smaller than what they had before emancipation, depending on where in
Russia they lived. In most areas, the land was <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">given</span> to the village commune (Mir), not to individual peasants. The Mir divided the land and paid the taxes.
Peasants were free, but still had restrictions on their movement. They were
still tied to their communes, they were judged by customary law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only serfs who worked the land received
land, household serfs <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">got nothing.</span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>State peasants received larger land grants and fared better than peasants on the land
of private owners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Peasants in Ukraine, which came to Russia in the Polish Partitions, did
not have a tradition of communes, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the land was owned by individuals, so they <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">continued to own their own plots</span>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="345" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Peasant Girls. photo by Prokudin-Gorsky, Library of Congress.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Emancipation was a compromise, serfs had freedom, but not
full equality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They had land, but
not enough.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Many </span>were depend<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">e</span>nt on their former landlords.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Unlike <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, where free public<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> education was <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">provided for former serfs, </span></span>n</span>o provisions were made<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> their education in <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Russia.</span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Unable to better themselves in Russia<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">, many chose to leave and<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> immigrate to the United States, Canada and the countries of <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">South America.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Sources:</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine, <u>www.encyclopediaofukraine.com</u></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Conquest, Robert, <i>The Harvest of Sorrrow</i>, New York, 1986.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pipes, Richard, <i>Russia Under the Old Regime</i>, New York, 1974.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Plokhy, Ser<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">hii, <i>The Gates of Europe</i>, New York<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">, 2015.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Riasanovsky, <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Nicholas, <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><i>A History of Russia</i>, New York, 1963.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Subtelny, Orest, <i>Ukraine, A History</i>, Toronto, 1988. </span></span> </span></span></span> </span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-77265220681075514072016-02-05T14:36:00.000-06:002016-02-05T14:36:09.775-06:00Serfdom in The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Zboze_Nie_Placi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Zboze_Nie_Placi.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Serfs and Nobles in The Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.1" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span>;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.2" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">panose</span>-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.3" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.4" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">charset</span>:0;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.5" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-generic-font-family:auto;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.6" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-pitch:variable;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.7" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.8" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">panose</span>-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.9" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.10" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">charset</span>:0;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.11" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-generic-font-family:auto;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.12" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-pitch:variable;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.13" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.14" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoNormal</span>, <span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.15" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">li</span>.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.16" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoNormal</span>, div.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.17" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoNormal</span>
{<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.18" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.19" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.20" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.21" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.22" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.23" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">ascii</span>-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.24" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.25" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-font-family:<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.26" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span>;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.27" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.28" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-theme-font:minor-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.29" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">latin</span>;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.30" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.31" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">hansi</span>-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.32" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.33" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.34" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.35" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-theme-font:minor-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.36" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>;}
@page Section1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in .6in 1.25in;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.37" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-header-margin:.5in;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.38" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-footer-margin:.5in;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":10.39" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></b><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">As the fortunes of
the nobility rose, those of the peasants declined</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVjZf1ArOI6krqpR48IfZ6Xqxo6JI8s9S17d2cBSIzq5h7OSih8RfNHFosccn5C603XlChl-pR40WxlosPQaNjOfhhXufnzm1O2grTCSbyM9lZx3S-FyopjSVSmH6yGWsWmMU7yTDUnaDR/s1600/The+Polish+Lithuanian+Commonwealth+Subtelny+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVjZf1ArOI6krqpR48IfZ6Xqxo6JI8s9S17d2cBSIzq5h7OSih8RfNHFosccn5C603XlChl-pR40WxlosPQaNjOfhhXufnzm1O2grTCSbyM9lZx3S-FyopjSVSmH6yGWsWmMU7yTDUnaDR/s320/The+Polish+Lithuanian+Commonwealth+Subtelny+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Source: Subtelny, Ukraine: A History.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Galicia, Bukovina and Volhynia, parts of ancient and modern
Ukraine and ancestral home of most of Ukrainian-Americans were once a part of the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/9/98/Herb_Rzeczpospolitej_za_Stanis%C5%82awa_Augusta_RB1.JPG/350px-Herb_Rzeczpospolitej_za_Stanis%C5%82awa_Augusta_RB1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/9/98/Herb_Rzeczpospolitej_za_Stanis%C5%82awa_Augusta_RB1.JPG/350px-Herb_Rzeczpospolitej_za_Stanis%C5%82awa_Augusta_RB1.JPG" height="165" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Coat of Arms of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">At the beginning of the 17<sup>th</sup> century, the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the largest, most populated and diverse
countries in Europe with a population of over eleven million people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Commonwealth was 50% Polish, 28%
Ukrainian and 22% other, mainly Lithuanian, Belorussian, Jewish, German and
Russian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Existing unofficially since
1386, Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were united in 1569 by the Union
of Lublin. Although the two countries were said to be equal, Poland was the
dominant power.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/d6/df/c0/d6dfc0a79b7822782d6676fa1442ff7e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/d6/df/c0/d6dfc0a79b7822782d6676fa1442ff7e.jpg" width="228" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: justify;">The marriage of Queen Jadwiga of Poland and Jagiello of The Grand Duchy of Lithuanian sealed the Union of Lublin in 1539 and united The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>The Government of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The government of the Commonwealth was unlike any other in
Europe. It was said that that the king reigns, but does not govern. There were
three parts, the King, elected by the nobles, the Sejm, a legislative body made
up of nobles, and the Senat, made of nobles who supervised the king.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The nobles received their privileges
and land from military service.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Just
to make sure that the nobles, who made up about 15% of the population, would
never lose political rights and power, the Sejm had veto power on almost all
important matters including law making, foreign policy, taxation, and the declaration
of war. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Economy of the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Most of the wealth of the Commonwealth was determined by
ownership of land.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nobles owned
estates that varied in size, some owned one small manor, others had many
estates as well as several villages and towns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ternopil was founded and owned by Jan Tarnowski as a
military stronghold. Burghers, or people who lived in the towns, were the smallest
group in the Commonwealth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
population of the towns was made up of artisans and merchants.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The largest population, 80%, of the
Commonwealth was peasants.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Europe’s population grew in the 16<sup>th</sup> century.
Inflation caused by the increase of Spanish silver and gold from the Americas contributed
to food price increases of 800-100%. Much of the land in the Commonwealth was
fertile and suitable for growing grain,<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> mainly rye</span>. Most of the grain was sold within the
Commonwealth, but rivers flowing north made it easy to transport grain to the
Baltic Sea and on to Western Europe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In order to produce food grain more efficiently, land holding nobles
transformed their estates into <i>folwarki</i> (plantations that grew food, <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">most</span>ly
grain).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A cheap labor source was
necessary, so demands on the peasants increased.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More and more free labor was needed, so peasants worked the
estates as many as many as six days a week. Their rights diminished and their
incomes <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">decreased.</span> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The boom lasted about 100 years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The nobles benefited, peasants suffered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nobles gained more political power and
limited the king’s power. There was no group in society to look out for the
peasant’s welfare. This economy was a one-dimensional, based growing one
product, grain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Towns were ignored,
did not grow and develop, and industries were not created.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As new sources of grain developed in
other parts of the world, the economy of the Commonwealth suffered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Estates failed and were bought and
sold or rented to tenants.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the middle of the 18<sup>th</sup>century, the Commonwealth was weak<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">.</span> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://s017.radikal.ru/i407/1504/5d/11467733651b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://s017.radikal.ru/i407/1504/5d/11467733651b.jpg" height="231" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Peasants harvesting grain</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Peasants become
Serfs.</b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Long before the Commonwealth was formed, the peasants of
Poland and Lithuania were slowly losing their rights and freedom. Since the
nobles controlled the political system, they could raise demands on the
peasants at will. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In the 15<sup>th</sup> century, peasants owed noblemen duties
for the right to use for their land.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The payment of these duties was usually in free labor and paying rents
of some kind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As long as the
peasant performed his duties, he could not be removed from his land.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Peasants had the right to sell their
land and to hand it down to heirs. Before 1550, landowners were not engaged in commercial
agriculture, and produced food for their own needs. Much of the land on nobles
estates were farmed by peasants, and as long as peasant obligations to the lord
didn’t increase, their incomes rose. Some peasants did very well, owning 20-30
acre plots, as well as horses, oxen, pigs and cows. The grain boom of the 16<sup>th</sup>
century, benefited the nobles and adversely changed peasant conditions. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In the early 16<sup>th</sup> century, the required two days
of work on the landlord’s land increased to three, four or more days The
peasants did not take these changes well, between 1490-92, there were peasant
uprisings in Moldovia, Bukovina and Galicia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The uprisings were quic<i>kly put down</i>, cementing the nobles’
control over the peasants. In 1505, the Sejm forbid peasants to leave their
village without the permission of the landlord. As the grain economy grew, laws
passed by the Sejm changed to enforce more peasant obligations to the lord, and
because of this they saw their standard of living decrease. The landlord was
given the right to judge peasants, required that they use his mills and
purchase alcohol from his taverns. Some nobles charged peasants a fee in order
to marry. Peasants could no longer to run their own villages, landlords brought
in outsiders to run them according to Polish law. By 1557, according to the
Voloky Ustov, the right of peasants to own land was no longer recognized.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The peasant was unable to move,
deprived of personal rights and exploited<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span>by the landlord.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By 1600, they were serfs, not much
better off than slaves.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Sources:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine <u>www.encyclopediaofukraine.com</u></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Subeltny, Orest, <i>Ukraine, A History</i>, Toronto, 1988</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></div>
eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-26178404110519398522016-02-03T13:00:00.000-06:002016-02-03T13:00:07.636-06:00Celebrating Ukrainian Christmas in Canada 1942.--Don't Miss this one.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr_1mo8b-IONgRmnoDITFmqCJug6c3JKIHWK2pX8hjuIlGTbcKLD5nLwIEJkNKDnrr7n3XBhbdyJUt4Rg0We03z9PM2oAqJUa3oI25KmNmj6sYNJU-TyJOtsZERdVqQcFOn9bU8xm_LlzG/s1600/Christmas+tree++postcard.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr_1mo8b-IONgRmnoDITFmqCJug6c3JKIHWK2pX8hjuIlGTbcKLD5nLwIEJkNKDnrr7n3XBhbdyJUt4Rg0We03z9PM2oAqJUa3oI25KmNmj6sYNJU-TyJOtsZERdVqQcFOn9bU8xm_LlzG/s400/Christmas+tree++postcard.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
Christmas is over, but this u-tube video is too good to miss, or save for next year.<br />
It was made in Manitoba, Canada in 1942. A Ukrainian-Canadian family goes through the preparations for Christmas and the whole holiday season. The grandmother came from Ukraine around 1900, so the customs in the video are probably very similar to how our ancestors celebrated Christmas in "the old country." <br />
<br />
Enjoy!<br />
<br />
I want to thank my cousin Marianne, who sent sent me the link to this u-tube video. <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://youtu.be/ecqK4wM9fyo" target="_blank">Ukrainian Christmas in Canada 1942</a></span><br />
<br />eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-32688920702329169222016-02-01T16:51:00.000-06:002016-02-17T15:52:25.095-06:00Serfdom in Eastern Europe<a href="http://annebobroffhajal.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/SerfdomSmllr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/88/16/e3/8816e371270a029a82f0da906753ffb3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/88/16/e3/8816e371270a029a82f0da906753ffb3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/88/16/e3/8816e371270a029a82f0da906753ffb3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/88/16/e3/8816e371270a029a82f0da906753ffb3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/88/16/e3/8816e371270a029a82f0da906753ffb3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Taras_Shevchenko_painting_0075.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Taras_Shevchenko_painting_0075.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ukrainian Peasant Family. Painting by Taras Shevchenko, 1845</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/88/16/e3/8816e371270a029a82f0da906753ffb3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
According to my Great Aunt Katherine Rychly Pylatiuk, my grandmother's family were once serfs. There is a good chance that my other ancestors were serfs as well, but I don't have that information.<br />
The Rychly family were farmers, living in Galicia, part of the Austrian Empire, just outside the city of <a href="http://eeroots.blogspot.com/2014/09/ternopil-ternopol-tarnopol.html" target="_blank">Ternopil'</a> in a village named Bila, (sometimes spelled Biala). Katherine said that her mother, Maria Bryniak Rychly repeated stories her mother, Barbara Steciuk Bryniak, told her about the time when peasants were required to work on the landlord's land. Maria was born in 1873, so her mother was born in the early 1850's, shortly after Austrian serfs were emancipated. She called the practice of working on the landlord's land the "pansjchyna."The peasants were required to work on his land 3 days a week, and the rest of the time, they worked their own farms. On Sunday, no work was done, so that left 3 days for peasants to work for themselves.<br />
<br />
<br />
Serfdom in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and later in the Austrian Empire, and serfdom in Russia was similar to serfdom in Western Europe, but there were important differences. <br />
<h2>
What are serfs and what is serfdom?</h2>
The answer to this question has several answers, depending on the time and place where is was practiced. The word serf comes from the Latin word <i>servus </i>meaning service. In Old French the word serf meant slave.<br />
A serf was a member of a servile feudal class who was bound to the land and was subject to the will of the owner. <br />
In Europe serfdom was the status of many peasants/farmers under feudalism. <br />
<br />
<h3>
Serfdom in Medieval Europe </h3>
Serfdom in the middle ages existed in Western Europe. Serfs were the lowest class in society, and lived and worked on land owned by another person, usually a knight who was the vassal of a higher ranked and more powerful noble. The system was based on mutual obligations and contracts between the lord and his vassals. In theory, the king owned the land, but since he couldn't directly rule land that was far away, he gave tracts of land to loyal nobles in exchange for their loyalty and military service. Serfs were bound to the land, and if they tried to run away, they
were returned to their lord. They could become free if they managed to
stay away for a "year and a day" or if they were granted freedom by their lord. The lords then gave smaller tracts (manors) to knights in their service, who ran the manors and ruled the serfs that lived on that land. Knights were required to protect the serfs in times of trouble. In exchange, the serfs were required to give part of their crop to the knight(lord) and work on his roads and building projects This practice, the <b><i>corvee,</i></b> lasted much longer than serfdom, in France, it was still in existence in the 18th century. Serfs were also required to serve the lord as soldiers if necessary. Loyalty and mutual obligation was key in feudal Medieval Europe.<br />
In Western Europe, serfdom died out in the fourteenth century, when the Bubonic plague, known as the Black Death killed thousands in Europe: royals, nobles, gentry and serfs. The labor shortage caused by the plague made serfdom obsolete and it gradually died out.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/88/16/e3/8816e371270a029a82f0da906753ffb3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://img.docstoccdn.com/thumb/orig/122813932.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://img.docstoccdn.com/thumb/orig/122813932.png" height="640" width="492" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<h3 class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
Serfdom in Eastern Europe</h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
Serfdom came to Eastern Europe much later than to Western Europe. Serfdom no longer existed in Western Europe when it developed in the East. It appeared last and disappeared last in Poland and Russia. It was not as a result of or connected in any way with Feudalism as practiced in Western Europe.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.thecommentator.com/system/articles/inner_pictures/000/001/624/original/ee025e4f14a1723302e4a6d7c3796cb302cab593.jpg?1349453431" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.thecommentator.com/system/articles/inner_pictures/000/001/624/original/ee025e4f14a1723302e4a6d7c3796cb302cab593.jpg?1349453431" height="246" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Poland and Lithuania 1549</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth </h4>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the king was elected by the nobles. The king did not rule his subjects directly. The land was divided into estates, controlled by noble families. Not
only did the nobles own the estates, they often owned the towns. The nobles ruled the people who lived on their estates. Since the nobles controlled the political system and chose the king, they could raise demands on the peasants at will. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
Peasants became serfs during the late 15th century. Originally, peasants living on an estate, paid the landlord rent for the use of the land, and were required to work the nobles' land as a way of paying the rent. They were entitled to a small plot of land and were able to sell what ever they produced. Peasants living on the estates were also required to work on the noble's roads, (the corvee), a specific number of days a week. Historian Orest Subtelny said "As nobility's fortunes rose, those of the peasants declined." (History of Ukraine p. 90). </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
In 1505, the Sejm, the governing body of nobles who ruled the Commonwealth, forbid peasants from leaving their village without the lord's permission. Serfdom became law in 1557 when the Voloky Ustov was passed by the Sejm. The peasants right to own land was no longer legally recognized. Since there was no strong central government, landlords were able to extract more and more from the peasants. Peasants could no longer run their own communities, nobles had the right to judge them and to control many aspects of their lives. They were now serfs, no better off than slaves. Serfdom was most prevalent in Galicia and Volhynia, but the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was large, and where labor was scarce, in the Eastern parts of the Commonwealth, serfdom was rare or unknown.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://mapioso.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/atr_2013_en.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="414" src="https://mapioso.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/atr_2013_en.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Where population was low and labor scarce, serfdom was unknown.</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4 class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
Russia</h4>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinRsltake9gAwlyAUaMPCBljKDVFsLudhbG10I4bW70L8cQwbfKaxuQD3FlDa8tlQ4vcHfaD7m4hjxd7FGbajl793nkhjmvfEno_A9Htzm-Gh3d0lmvRdg-xPSSJamN-yi-79DjqLiBFMG/s1600/Russian+Expansion+in+thre+16th+century.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinRsltake9gAwlyAUaMPCBljKDVFsLudhbG10I4bW70L8cQwbfKaxuQD3FlDa8tlQ4vcHfaD7m4hjxd7FGbajl793nkhjmvfEno_A9Htzm-Gh3d0lmvRdg-xPSSJamN-yi-79DjqLiBFMG/s400/Russian+Expansion+in+thre+16th+century.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="justify"><td class="tr-caption"><br />
Moscovy during the reign of Peter the Great, when serfdom was established. Source: Riasanovsky, <b><i>History of Russia, </i></b>1963<br />
<br /></td><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
Serfdom became law in Russia in 1649, but it existed long before that date. Its foundations were build long before the Muscovite period and long before Russia came into existence. Serfdom was the mainstay of Muscovite agriculture. It was most common in the southern, southeastern and western section of Russia, east of the Dniepr River. By beginning of the 17th century, serfs could not leave their landowner's estates for any reason. By the time the <i>Ulozhenie</i> of 1649 was passed, serfdom was firmly established. This decree conformed the idea of "once a serf, always a serf."<br />
Landowners were the judicial and police authority on their estates. and the serfs were at their mercy.<br />
The landlords were members of the upper classes of Russia, and most were members of the nobility. Eventually, serfs could be bought and sold and willed by their owners. By the end of the 17th century they were virtually slaves. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://annebobroffhajal.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/SerfdomSmllr.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://annebobroffhajal.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/SerfdomSmllr.jpg" height="400" width="386" /></a></div>
<br />
Serfdom was extended and strengthened during the reign of Catherine the Great (1762-1796). The practice spread to new areas, particularly to the lands acquired in the Partitions of Poland. A series of laws passed between 1763-83 made serfs the most oppressed people in the Russian Empire. These laws made it possible to control all aspects of a serf's life and gave landowners to right to sell entire serf families as well as individual serfs.<br />
By 1796, 53% of all Russian peasants were serfs and 49% of the population of Russia were serfs.<br />
<br />
In the next blog post, I will continue with the subject of serfdom in Eastern Europe, concentrating on more of the details of the lives of serfs. <br />
<br />
<br />
Sources:<br />
Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine, <u>encyclopediaofukraine.com</u><br />
Doroshenko, Demeter, <i>History of the Ukraine</i>, Edmonton, 1939.<u><br /></u><br />
Plokyi, Serhii, <i>The Gates of Europe</i>, New York, 2015.<br />
Riasonovsky, Nicholas, <i>A History of Russia</i>, New York, 1963.<br />
Subtelny, Orest, <i>Ukraine, A History</i>, Toronto, 1988. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-38684184153804491022016-01-01T14:35:00.000-06:002016-01-01T14:35:01.199-06:00Celebrating Ukrainian Christmas<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg80XR9_RHCwbmydnVntxE0S8anRYteY9IKDnBpJ6uyAXOQAqew9fpeaA0kJR54KyzB8oWJoUC_Kb3yrwWGIluanVsn_BJ6CABWPN-D3aPbeNXQ70fSTszcG2e6sVCMWb00IwHh25yNvsxH/s1600/Christmas+tree++postcard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg80XR9_RHCwbmydnVntxE0S8anRYteY9IKDnBpJ6uyAXOQAqew9fpeaA0kJR54KyzB8oWJoUC_Kb3yrwWGIluanVsn_BJ6CABWPN-D3aPbeNXQ70fSTszcG2e6sVCMWb00IwHh25yNvsxH/s640/Christmas+tree++postcard.jpg" width="401" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Christmas card sent to my grandmother in 1939.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY7XUvSTVpADal8u0YuFKVf28bwup9wOHv_c0miDZ0Van3dTTN9CTLHoXrwd3OOdf0E5dkTdjm64RjnbwgP0rVomqgBcFEkFvaFhTPAF8f49eR_ltIODcv-cAXhQpnGBnBXJ4VWDOc3HlJ/s1600/Christmas+tree++postcard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY7XUvSTVpADal8u0YuFKVf28bwup9wOHv_c0miDZ0Van3dTTN9CTLHoXrwd3OOdf0E5dkTdjm64RjnbwgP0rVomqgBcFEkFvaFhTPAF8f49eR_ltIODcv-cAXhQpnGBnBXJ4VWDOc3HlJ/s400/Christmas+tree++postcard.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Christmas postcard from my Grandparents' collection</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
Many Ukrainian people celebrate Christmas on January 7, according to the Julian calendar. The holiday begins with a dinner on Christmas eve, January 6. The traditional dinner is made up of 12 meatless courses. The meal started out with Kutia, a pudding made from wheat and include borscht, pickled herring, freshwater fish, holubtsi (cabbage rolls), vareneky, kolach, a three layer bread, pumpushki (jelly donuts) and honey cake and other pastries. <br />
I am including my personal recipe for Ukrainian style Borscht, which is vegetarian and can be served on Ukrainian Christmas Eve. Check out the recipes from Yaroslava Surmach Mills on the postcards below.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.claudiascookbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Borscht.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.claudiascookbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Borscht.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo source: Claudia's Cookbook</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BORSCHT, UKRAINIAN STYLE.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">You will need a large saucepan or stockpot.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ingredients:</b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1 tbsp vegetable oil</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1 bunch beets with stems and leaves. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">4 cups vegetable broth (I like Pacific brand)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1 large onion, chopped</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1 clove garlic, finely chopped</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1-2 small potatoes, peeled and cut into quarters</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1-2 stalks celery, trimmed and chopped</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1-2 carrots, peeled and sliced</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Chopped greens and stems from the beets.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1 package fresh spinach or one bunch of Swiss chard, washed and coarsely chopped, include stems</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1 large can diced fire roasted tomatoes</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1 large can low sodium tomato juice </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1 tsp dried dill (optional)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Fresh dill weed, chopped</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Sour cream or Greek yoghurt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
salt and pepper</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Directions:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span>Cut stems and leaves off the beet roots, don’t throw them out. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span>Soak the beet leaves and stems and rinse twice to remove any sand. Discard any tough leaves. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span>Wash and peel beet root and chop into cubes.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span>Heat vegetable oil in a large saucepan or stock <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pot.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span>Add onions and garlic and cook until transparent</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span>Add celery and carrots to vegetables in the pan, cook for about 5 minutes </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span>Add broth, tomato juice, tomatoes, beets and potatoes bring to a boil, then and turn down heat and simmer for about 30-40 minutes or until vegetables are tender.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span>Add beet greens and spinach. Simmer until greens are cooked down, about 10 to 15 minutes.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span>Optional--Add dried dill to soup.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span>Add salt and pepper to taste.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span>Serve with a spoonful of sour cream or Greek yogurt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sprinkle dill weed on sour cream.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Check out the link to learn about celebrating Ukrainian Christmas. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://eeroots.blogspot.com/2015/01/happening-now-ukrainian-christmas.html" target="_blank">More about Ukrainian Christmas</a></span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsqUZ48zmX8kJMNSFrDtj75qeeIo8rEA56eRj2UYjRHAXYyrd29k0IvotJte5XtEtNvJOgCZCASwr2Ct0gBQ27z12hBcrEZFhV6dl3lf5y9feDqUzQt82oKCYN0e3QZPRF3hkPR0J9_fri/s1600/Kutia+postcard+1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsqUZ48zmX8kJMNSFrDtj75qeeIo8rEA56eRj2UYjRHAXYyrd29k0IvotJte5XtEtNvJOgCZCASwr2Ct0gBQ27z12hBcrEZFhV6dl3lf5y9feDqUzQt82oKCYN0e3QZPRF3hkPR0J9_fri/s640/Kutia+postcard+1.jpeg" width="424" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Postcard and recipe by Yaroslava Surmach Mills</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFp_9PZ8xL0dGCcMy4M5ZAjfeEzZF8GibPEeo8VlEAHHviVbYVv5pKTkhsm0AXVYgv3nJPJz9mLeSf8PbsTMM8cvQK3FH5sM3DSCrUnCKXt2CaPoMVBFJhJ4ySXz9zqOIXPy_lDo0cbFKH/s1600/Kolach+postcard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFp_9PZ8xL0dGCcMy4M5ZAjfeEzZF8GibPEeo8VlEAHHviVbYVv5pKTkhsm0AXVYgv3nJPJz9mLeSf8PbsTMM8cvQK3FH5sM3DSCrUnCKXt2CaPoMVBFJhJ4ySXz9zqOIXPy_lDo0cbFKH/s640/Kolach+postcard.jpg" width="432" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Postcard and recipe by Yaraslava Surmach Mills</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Cambria;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
panose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
{margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst
{mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle
{mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast
{mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page Section1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in .6in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:451244716;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-79127838 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;}
ol
{margin-bottom:0in;}
ul
{margin-bottom:0in;}
-->
</style> <br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br />
<br /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div>
eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-78376306517039538372015-12-19T08:10:00.001-06:002015-12-19T08:10:59.158-06:00Yum Yum Christmas!<span style="font-size: large;">Christmas is coming and everybody wants a new recipe for a delicious dish. I have a couple of good ones for you--I have made both of them, and they are really good.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The first is a gingerbread cake that is out of this world. I found it in the<b> New York Times</b> last month and made it for Thanksgiving. It was a big hit, and I made it again. Again it was great.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<br />
<div id="container">
<div id="content">
<div class="recipe grid-wrap" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Recipe">
<br />
<article class="card static noclickarea recipe-has-topnote recipe-has-media recipe-has-horizontal-media recipe-has-horizontal-media recipe-has-time-yield saved cooked" data-id="1017758" data-seo-image-url="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2015/10/27/dining/27COOKING-CRANGINGERBREAD1/27COOKING-CRANGINGERBREAD1-superJumbo.jpg" data-type="recipe" data-url="/recipes/1017758-sticky-cranberry-gingerbread">
<header>
<h1 class="recipe-title title name" data-name="Sticky Cranberry Gingerbread" data-share-title="Sticky+Cranberry+Gingerbread+by+Melissa+Clark" data-url="/recipes/1017758-sticky-cranberry-gingerbread" itemprop="name">
Sticky Cranberry Gingerbread
</h1>
<div class="recipe-subhead">
<h3 class="byline">
<a href="http://cooking.nytimes.com/42927554-melissa-clark/my-recipes">
<img class="recipe-mug" src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2014/04/24/dining/clarkCP/clarkCP-thumbLarge-v2.jpg" />
</a>
<a class="author personality" data-author="Melissa Clark" href="http://cooking.nytimes.com/42927554-melissa-clark/my-recipes">
<span class="byline-name" itemprop="author">Melissa Clark</span>
</a>
</h3>
<ul class="recipe-time-yield">
<li>
<span class="icon icon-clock">Time</span>1 1/2 hours plus cooling
</li>
<li>
<span class="icon icon-person">Yield</span><span itemprop="recipeYield">8 to 10 servings</span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls detail-controls recipe-detail-controls">
<div class="save-group">
<div class="save btn" data-regi-placement="bottom">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="recipe-intro">
<div class="media-container ">
<img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2015/10/27/dining/27COOKING-CRANGINGERBREAD1/27COOKING-CRANGINGERBREAD1-articleLarge.jpg" itemprop="image" />
<br />
<div class="image-credit">
Photo: Andrew Scrivani for The New York Times </div>
<div class="image-credit">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="recipe-topnote-metadata">
<div class="topnote" itemprop="description">
Sticky, spicy and full of cranberries, this gingerbread
is perfect for the holidays. The recipe has been designed to make
ahead, and will taste as good 2 days after baking as it does on the same
day. (It will keep for 4 to 5 days.) To store it, wrap it well, stick
it in the fridge and then bring to room temperature before serving.
Whipped cream or crème fraîche, spiked with a little bourbon if you
like, is nice on the side.</div>
</div>
</div>
<br /><div class="ratings-stars-wrap">
<div class="ratings-stars ratings-content four-star-rating avg-rating">
<span class="icon-star star-one"></span><span class="icon-star star-two"></span><span class="icon-star star-three"></span><span class="icon-star star-four"></span><span class="icon-star star-five"></span>
</div>
</div>
</article></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="recipe-metadata">
<div class="recipe-actions">
<div class="no-touch-header" id="recipe-ratings">
</div>
<div itemprop="aggregateRating" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/AggregateRating">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="recipe-instructions">
<br />
<section class="recipe-ingredients-wrap">
<h3>
Ingredients</h3>
<ul class="recipe-ingredients">
<li itemprop="recipeIngredient">
<span class="quantity">2</span>
<span class="ingredient-name">cups/8 ounces/266 grams fresh or frozen <span itemprop="name">cranberries</span></span>
</li>
<li itemprop="recipeIngredient">
<span class="quantity">1</span>
<span class="ingredient-name">cup/200 grams <span itemprop="name">granulated sugar</span></span>
</li>
<li itemprop="recipeIngredient">
<span class="quantity">1</span>
<span class="ingredient-name">stick/4 ounces/113 grams <span itemprop="name">unsalted butter</span></span>
</li>
<li itemprop="recipeIngredient">
<span class="quantity">⅔</span>
<span class="ingredient-name">cup/133 grams <span itemprop="name">dark brown sugar</span></span>
</li>
<li itemprop="recipeIngredient">
<span class="quantity">½</span>
<span class="ingredient-name">cup/120 milliliters <span itemprop="name">whole milk</span></span>
</li>
<li itemprop="recipeIngredient">
<span class="quantity">½</span>
<span class="ingredient-name">cup/120 milliliters <span itemprop="name">maple syrup</span></span>
</li>
<li itemprop="recipeIngredient">
<span class="quantity">¼</span>
<span class="ingredient-name">cup/60 milliliters <span itemprop="name">molasses</span></span>
</li>
<li itemprop="recipeIngredient">
<span class="quantity">1 ½</span>
<span class="ingredient-name">cups/185 grams <span itemprop="name">all-purpose flour</span></span>
</li>
<li itemprop="recipeIngredient">
<span class="quantity">1</span>
<span class="ingredient-name">tablespoon/5 grams <span itemprop="name">ground ginger</span></span>
</li>
<li itemprop="recipeIngredient">
<span class="quantity">½</span>
<span class="ingredient-name">teaspoon/1 gram ground <span itemprop="name">cinnamon</span></span>
</li>
<li itemprop="recipeIngredient">
<span class="quantity">½</span>
<span class="ingredient-name">teaspoon/3 grams <span itemprop="name">baking powder</span></span>
</li>
<li itemprop="recipeIngredient">
<span class="quantity">½</span>
<span class="ingredient-name">teaspoon/3 grams <span itemprop="name">kosher salt</span></span>
</li>
<li itemprop="recipeIngredient">
<span class="quantity">¼</span>
<span class="ingredient-name">teaspoon/1 gram <span itemprop="name">baking soda</span></span>
</li>
<li itemprop="recipeIngredient">
<span class="quantity">¼</span>
<span class="ingredient-name">teaspoon <span itemprop="name">black pepper</span></span>
</li>
<li itemprop="recipeIngredient">
<span class="quantity">2</span>
<span class="ingredient-name">large <span itemprop="name">eggs</span>, lightly beaten</span>
</li>
<li itemprop="recipeIngredient">
<span class="quantity">1</span>
<span class="ingredient-name">tablespoon/14 grams grated fresh <span itemprop="name">ginger</span> (from 1-inch piece)</span>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="recipe-steps-wrap">
<h3>
Preparation</h3>
<ol class="recipe-steps" itemprop="recipeInstructions">
<li><span style="background-color: yellow;">Heat oven to 350 degrees and line a 9-inch square or round baking pan with parchment.</span></li>
<li>In a small, heavy-bottomed saucepan, stir together
cranberries, granulated sugar and 1 tablespoon water. Stir the
cranberries over medium heat until the sugar is completely dissolved and
cranberries form a sauce that is syrupy and bubbling thickly, about 10
minutes. Aim to have about half the cranberries broken down, with the
remainder more or less whole.</li>
<li>In a separate saucepan, stir together the butter,
brown sugar, milk, maple syrup and molasses over medium heat. Bring it
to just barely a simmer and then remove it from the heat. Do not let it
come to a boil, or the mixture may curdle.</li>
<li>In a large bowl, sift together the flour, ginger,
cinnamon, baking powder, salt, baking soda and black pepper. Beat in the
butter-maple syrup mixture and then beat in the eggs. Stir in the
ginger.</li>
<li>Scrape the batter into the pan. Drop fat dollops
of cranberry sauce onto the surface of the cake batter. Drag a long,
slender knife through the batter in a swirly design, as if you are
marbling a cake. Transfer the cake to the oven and bake it until the top
is firm and a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean, about
50 minutes. Transfer the pan to a wire baking rack and let the cake cool
completely before eating it.</li>
</ol>
One note: It was suggested in the comments that a 9 inch spring form pan, instead of the 9x9 inch square pan would work well in this recipe. I tried it, and liked the cake better baked in the spring form pan.</section><section class="recipe-steps-wrap"> </section><section class="recipe-steps-wrap"><b> </b></section><section class="recipe-steps-wrap"><b>CHOCOLATE ALMOND SHORTBREAD</b></section><section class="recipe-steps-wrap"><div class="trb_article_articleHeader_head">
<div class="trb_article_title">
<h1 class="trb_article_title_text">
</h1>
</div>
</div>
<span class="trb_embed_media_close" data-role="lightbox_close"></span> <span class="trb_embed_media_info" data-role="embed_info lightbox_info"></span> <figure class="trb_embed_imageContainer_figure" data-role="imgsize_item"><img alt="Chocolate almond shortbread" class="trb_embed_imageContainer_img" data-baseurl="http://www.trbimg.com/img-50b52595/turbine/ct-ct-food-cookie-contest-heart.jpg-20121127" data-content-naturalheight="2048" data-content-naturalwidth="1921" data-height="750" src="http://www.trbimg.com/img-50b52595/turbine/ct-ct-food-cookie-contest-heart.jpg-20121127/750/750x750" data-ratio="1x1" data-width="1300" height="200" itemprop="image" title="Chocolate almond shortbread" width="200" /></figure></section><section class="recipe-steps-wrap">The second recipe of from the <b>Chicago Tribune</b>, and is for chocolate almond shortbread. Another winner, in fact this recipe won second prize in the Chicago Tribune Cookie contest in 2012. I found that these cookies are easy to make and come out crisp and delicious. I chose to make the cookies using a star shape cookie cutter.</section><section class="recipe-steps-wrap"><br /></section><section class="recipe-steps-wrap"> <b>Chocolate almond shortbread</b><br />
Second place:<b> Betty Koenig</b><br />
<b>Prep: </b>45 minutes<br />
<b>Chill:</b> 30 minutes<br />
<b>Bake:</b> 20 minutes<br />
<b>Makes:</b> 4 dozen cookies<br />
"I love that they're not too sweet, and they seem like they'd be a
really good dunker," Angel Food Bakery owner and pastry chef Stephanie
Samuels says of Betty Koenig's chocolate almond shortbread cookies. In
testing, we found the <span style="background-color: yellow;">dough rolled out better when chilled for at least
30 minutes.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>Ingredients </b></span></span></span><br />
4 sticks (1 pound) unsalted butter, softened<br />
1 cup sugar<br />
1 1/2 teaspoons vanilla<br />
1/2 teaspoon salt<br />
3 cups flour<br />
1 cup Dutch process unsweetened cocoa powder<br />
1 cup almond meal or very finely ground unblanched almonds<br />
4 sticks (1 pound) unsalted butter, softened<br />
1 cup sugar<br />
1 1/2 teaspoons vanilla<br />
1/2 teaspoon salt<br />
3 cups flour<br />
1 cup Dutch process unsweetened cocoa powder<br />
1 cup almond meal or very finely ground unblanched almonds<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Preparation </b></span><br />
1<span style="background-color: yellow;">. Heat oven to 325 degrees.</span> Cream butter and sugar in a large bowl with
an electric mixer or in a stand mixer. Add the vanilla and salt; beat
or mix to blend. On low speed, add the flour, cocoa and almond meal,
mixing well.<br />
<br />
2. Divide into 3 pieces; wrap in plastic wrap and
chill, 30 minutes. Roll out dough, one piece at a time, on a lightly
floured surface to about 1/4-inch thick. Cut with cookie cutters;
transfer to parchment-lined cookie sheet. Repeat with remaining dough.<br />
<br />
3. Bake, in batches if necessary, until slightly firm to the touch,
about 20 minutes. Cool on racks. Store in airtight containers. Can be
frozen for months.<br />
<br />
<b>Nutrition information per serving: </b>133 calories, 9 g fat, 5 g saturated fat, 20 mg cholesterol, 12 g carbohydrates, 2 g protein, 26 mg sodium, 1 g fiber<br />
</section></div>
eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-79641138515135294152015-12-07T13:07:00.002-06:002015-12-07T13:07:16.286-06:00Where Were You on December 7, 1941?Today is the 74th anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese, an event which brought the United States into World War 2. This event changed profoundly changed the lives of all Americans.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.oldchristmastreelights.com/images/1941_1945/newspaper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.oldchristmastreelights.com/images/1941_1945/newspaper.jpg" height="133" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Where was I? I wasn't born until 1946, but my parents were adults, their answers to the question were:<br />
My father was at home recovering from a hangover--he attended a party at the University of Minnesota Graduate Students Club the night before.<br />
My mother was at church, where she was every Sunday.<br />
My in-laws had been married since October, 1941, my father-in-law was at a Chicago Bears Football Game, held in those days at Wrigley Field in Chicago.<br />
My mother-in-law was at home.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i.imgur.com/PH4eGl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://i.imgur.com/PH4eGl.jpg" height="203" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
To people in my generation--the life changing event was the assassination of President Kennedy. The question for us was "Where were you when President Kennedy was assassinated?"<br />
I was visiting a college in Pittsburgh, PA. I thought it was a joke--for a few seconds.<br />
My husband was in a class at school, the students in his class had the same reaction as I did.<br />
<br />
To young adults, the life-changing event was 911 and the question is "Where were you when you heard about 911?"<br />
I was teaching a class at school, another teacher came in and told me what happened. I turned my radio on, and the story was confirmed. My lesson plan was trashed and we spent the rest of the class listening to the radio.eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-88647846490478836052015-12-05T12:11:00.000-06:002015-12-05T12:11:04.257-06:00Yum Yum Hanukkah<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://cdn.history.com/sites/2/2013/12/hanukkah-menorah-H.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://cdn.history.com/sites/2/2013/12/hanukkah-menorah-H.jpeg" height="208" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Hanukkah begins at sunset Sunday December 6, 2015. Hanukkah, like other Jewish holidays involves celebrating with family and eating special holiday foods.<br />
In the United States, it is favorite holiday of many Jews for many reasons; the fun, the giving of gifts and the food. <br />
<br />
Although it is a minor holiday in the Jewish calendar, it has become a very important Jewish holiday in the United States. Hanukkah is a happy holiday, commemorating an historical event, the rededication of the Temple in Jerusalem in 168 B.C.E. The Syrian king Antiocchus Epiphanes sent soldiers to Jerusalem, abolished Judaism, giving Jews the choice: convert or die. On the 25 day of the month of Kislev, a group of Jews, led by the Maccabees family, although greatly outnumbered, defeated Antiochus's army in two decisive battles. Now that the Jewish people controlled Jerusalem again, they proceeded to rededicate the Temple. The <i>ner tamid,</i> the eternal light, was rekindled, using oil from the only remaining jar of oil. Normally, a jar of oil lasts for only one day, but this jar lasted for eight.<br />
The holiday lasts for eight days and is centered around lighting the Hanuk<span id="goog_1728776596"></span><span id="goog_1728776597"></span>kiah, a candelabra with eight branches and a<i> shamash, </i>the candle used to light the others. Special foods are served and gifts are exchanged. Many of the foods are cooked in oil, a way to remember the miraculous oil that lasted for eight days.<br />
<br />
In my family, three foods are always served: brisket, latkes and sweet and sour meatballs. I am sharing the family recipes for two of these delicious dishes, sweet and sour meatballs and brisket.<br />
My sister-in-law, Sheila helped me write out the recipes, since the cooks in the family prepared these foods from memory.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://img.sndimg.com/food/image/upload/fl_progressive,w_308,h_231,c_fill,q_92/v1/img/recipes/12/32/40/picgCl1ME.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://img.sndimg.com/food/image/upload/fl_progressive,w_308,h_231,c_fill,q_92/v1/img/recipes/12/32/40/picgCl1ME.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.12" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span>;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.13" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">panose</span>-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.14" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.15" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">charset</span>:0;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.16" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-generic-font-family:auto;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.17" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-pitch:variable;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.18" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.19" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">panose</span>-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.20" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.21" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">charset</span>:0;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.22" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-generic-font-family:auto;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.23" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-pitch:variable;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.24" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.25" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoNormal</span>, <span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.26" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">li</span>.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.27" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoNormal</span>, div.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.28" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoNormal</span>
{<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.29" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.30" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.31" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.32" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.33" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.34" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">ascii</span>-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.35" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.36" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-font-family:<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.37" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span>;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.38" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.39" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-theme-font:minor-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.40" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">latin</span>;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.41" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.42" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">hansi</span>-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.43" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.44" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.45" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.46" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-theme-font:minor-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.47" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>;}
p.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.48" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraph</span>, <span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.49" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">li</span>.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.50" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraph</span>, div.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.51" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraph</span>
{margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.52" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-add-space:auto;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.53" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.54" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.55" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.56" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.57" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">ascii</span>-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.58" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.59" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-font-family:<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.60" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span>;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.61" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.62" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-theme-font:minor-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.63" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">latin</span>;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.64" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.65" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">hansi</span>-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.66" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.67" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.68" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.69" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-theme-font:minor-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.70" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>;}
p.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.71" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst</span>, <span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.72" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">li</span>.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.73" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst</span>, div.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.74" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst</span>
{<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.75" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.76" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-add-space:auto;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.77" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.78" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.79" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.80" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.81" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">ascii</span>-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.82" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.83" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-font-family:<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.84" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span>;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.85" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.86" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-theme-font:minor-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.87" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">latin</span>;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.88" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.89" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">hansi</span>-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.90" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.91" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.92" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.93" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-theme-font:minor-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.94" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>;}
p.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.95" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle</span>, <span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.96" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">li</span>.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.97" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle</span>, div.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.98" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle</span>
{<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.99" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.100" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-add-space:auto;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.101" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.102" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.103" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.104" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.105" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">ascii</span>-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.106" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.107" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-font-family:<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.108" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span>;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.109" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.110" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-theme-font:minor-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.111" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">latin</span>;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.112" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.113" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">hansi</span>-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.114" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.115" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.116" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.117" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-theme-font:minor-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.118" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>;}
p.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.119" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpLast</span>, <span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.120" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">li</span>.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.121" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpLast</span>, div.<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.122" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpLast</span>
{<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.123" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.124" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-add-space:auto;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.125" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.126" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.127" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.128" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.129" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">ascii</span>-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.130" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.131" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-font-family:<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.132" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span>;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.133" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.134" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-theme-font:minor-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.135" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">latin</span>;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.136" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.137" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">hansi</span>-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.138" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.139" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.140" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.141" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-theme-font:minor-<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.142" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>;}
@page Section1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in .6in 1.25in;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.143" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-header-margin:.5in;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.144" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-footer-margin:.5in;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.145" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.146" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-list-id:1989245659;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.147" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-list-type:hybrid;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.148" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-list-template-ids:-519825908 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
@list l0:level1
{<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.149" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-level-tab-stop:none;
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.150" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;}
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.151" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">ol</span>
{margin-bottom:0in;}
<span aria-haspopup="true" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" id=":z.152" style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">ul</span>
{margin-bottom:0in;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Sheila’s Sweet and
Sour Meatballs.</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A delicious appetizer for Hanukkah or any holiday. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ingredients</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Meatballs</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2 pounds lean ground beef</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2 eggs</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
½ tsp dried garlic powder</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
½ cup matzo meal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1 ½ to 2 cups water</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sauce</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2 8 oz cans tomato sauce</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
½ onion, chopped</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1 C. brown sugar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2 tbsp. lemon juice</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1/4 to ½ tsp sour salt (citric acid)*Add this to taste, since it is very sour.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
salt and pepper</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>In a large bowl, mix ground beef, eggs, garlic
powder, salt and pepper and matzo meal together, until combined.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You should be able to roll a small ball
from the meat mixture—if not, add more matzo meal until the meatballs hold
together.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Roll the meat mixture into small balls and set
aside.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Add about 1 ½ cups water to a 4 quart pot. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Add onions and tomato sauce.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Heat until the mixture comes to a low boil</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Drop the meatballs into the water. Some may fall
apart, this adds to the flavor of the sauce.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Simmer the meatballs in the sauce for 5-10
minutes </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Add the brown sugar, lemon juice and sour salt.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Continue to simmer for 10 more minutes on a low
heat. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Taste
the sauce and add salt and pepper to taste.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sour Salt can be found in Kosher grocery stores, or in
grocery stores that sell kosher foods. It is also available online from <u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></u><a href="http://thespicehouse.com/" target="_blank">The Spice House.com</a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://nuts4learningcelebrationwebquest.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/0/5/12057351/9862916_orig.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://nuts4learningcelebrationwebquest.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/0/5/12057351/9862916_orig.png" height="320" width="317" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="page" title="Page 1">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">Tasty and Easy Beef Brisket
</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">Ingredients:<br />
1 3-4 pound beef brisket, flat cut with extra fat trimmed off. You can ask the butcher to do
this for you.<br />
1 bottle Heinz Chili Sauce<br />
1 onion chopped<br />
1 bottle beer, any kind. You can use red wine in place of the beer.
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">Preheat oven to 325 degrees.
</span><br />
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<li style="font-family: 'ComicSansMS'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">Heat a large frying pan and brown the brisket on both sides, about 3-5 minutes.
</span><br />
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'ComicSansMS'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">Remove the brisket and put in a roasting pan.
</span><br />
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'ComicSansMS'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">Cover the brisket with the chopped onion.
</span><br />
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'ComicSansMS'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">Pour the entire bottle of chili sauce over the brisket.
</span><br />
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'ComicSansMS'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">Add the beer to the pan.
</span><br />
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'ComicSansMS'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">Cover the pan with aluminum foil, making sure that you have a good seal.
</span><br />
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'ComicSansMS'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">Put into preheated oven and bake for about 2 </span><span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">1⁄2</span><span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">- 3 hours until tender. Stick it with a
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">fork to test for tenderness.
</span><br />
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'ComicSansMS'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">Remove the pan from the oven, and let the meat rest for about 10 minutes. The meat
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">should be very tender, almost to the point of falling apart.
</span><br />
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'ComicSansMS'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">Save the pan sauce, separate the fat from the sauce, discarding the fat. Add salt and
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">pepper to sauce to taste. Keep the sauce warm in a small sauce pan.
</span><br />
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'ComicSansMS'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">Slice the brisket against the grain.
</span><br />
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'ComicSansMS'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<span style="font-family: "comicsansms"; font-size: 10.000000pt;">Serve the meat with the sauce.
</span><br />
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-22848782863996564132015-11-13T17:13:00.000-06:002015-11-13T17:13:09.487-06:00World War One Memorials in Chicago: The Elks National Memorial<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.elks.org/memorial/images/history/finishedMemorial.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="497" src="https://www.elks.org/memorial/images/history/finishedMemorial.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Elks Memorial in 1926, the year of its dedication.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
One of the most magnificent war memorials in the United States is the Elks National Memorial in Chicago, Illinois. The domed building was built by the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, an organization committed to providing charitable services and building stronger communities. It is located across the street from Lincoln Park and a short distance from Lake Michigan.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iprZ3Y_Nt3U/TYav4x06LSI/AAAAAAAAdLI/qHflUdt7X_Q/s1600/LI-sculp-LP-066b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iprZ3Y_Nt3U/TYav4x06LSI/AAAAAAAAdLI/qHflUdt7X_Q/s1600/LI-sculp-LP-066b.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
The building, dedicated in 1926 is a "Tribute to the bravery, loyalty and dedication of the thousands of Elks who have fought and died for our country."<br />
<br />
<br />
After World War One, there was a strong desire on the part of Elks members to build a memorial to members who died in the Great War. In 1920, the Grand Lodge of the Elks med to plan and design the monument. They decided to hold a competition to select an architect to design the monument. Edgerton Swarthout, a New York architect was the winner. Construction was begun in 1923 and the building War was dedicated on July 14, 1926 to the "memory of the more than 1,000 Elks who lost their lives in World War One."<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.elks.org/memorial/images/history/fromStreet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.elks.org/memorial/images/history/fromStreet.jpg" height="253" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
The beaux arts style domed building was built from marble, granite and limestone, with sculptures and paintings decorating the interior. The art works were inspired by the Four Cardinal Virtues of the Elks, charity, justice, brotherly love and fidelity. The scupltures are by Adolph Weinman, James Earle Fraser and Laura Gardin Fraser. Paintings and murals are by Edwin Blashfield and Eugene Savage.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://farm9.static.flickr.com/8729/17042875849_4cf24ca2b4_m.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://farm9.static.flickr.com/8729/17042875849_4cf24ca2b4_m.jpg" height="400" width="265" /></a></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.elks.org/memorial/images/artTour/sculptures/full/01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://www.elks.org/memorial/images/artTour/sculptures/full/01.jpg" width="295" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Brotherly Love and Fidelity are two of the Four Cardinal Virtues of the Elks.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://s3.amazonaws.com/architecture-org/files/modules/elks-01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/architecture-org/files/modules/elks-01.jpg" height="424" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Inside the Memorial Rotunda of the Elks Memorial. Sculptures representing the Four Cardinal Virtues of the Elks are on the first level, 12 allegorical murals illustrating The Beatitudes by Edward Savage are on the second level.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_zJpnTu57Koc/S5FZrkdCwOI/AAAAAAAAPR0/bddYz0Yx-Ac/s400/LI-archi-EM-278.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_zJpnTu57Koc/S5FZrkdCwOI/AAAAAAAAPR0/bddYz0Yx-Ac/s400/LI-archi-EM-278.jpg" height="400" width="260" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">"They Shall Inherit the Earth"</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.elks.org/memorial/images/artTour/murals/full/05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://www.elks.org/memorial/images/artTour/murals/full/05.jpg" width="186" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">"Theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven"</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/b4/d6/15/b4d6152a6d00caab45da758591ddd254.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/b4/d6/15/b4d6152a6d00caab45da758591ddd254.jpg" width="198" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"They Shall Obtain Mercy"</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/83/244906238_84b5d17dd6_m.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/83/244906238_84b5d17dd6_m.jpg" height="400" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">"They Shall See God"</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/7e/33/04/7e330459af1b01578fbb6625c24cd4df.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/7e/33/04/7e330459af1b01578fbb6625c24cd4df.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Grand Reception Room</span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://grapefruitmoongallery.com/gallery/images/savage_eugene_mural-417.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://grapefruitmoongallery.com/gallery/images/savage_eugene_mural-417.jpg" height="400" width="250" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">"The Armistice", painting in the Grand Reception Room </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OQssi4qVZo0/TYaUaY94TCI/AAAAAAAAdHo/iNQ4Q5bBmYE/s1600/LI-archi-EM-323b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OQssi4qVZo0/TYaUaY94TCI/AAAAAAAAdHo/iNQ4Q5bBmYE/s1600/LI-archi-EM-323b.jpg" height="400" width="266" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">'Paths of Peace" in the Grand Reception Room</span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
The building was rededicated in 1946 after World War 2 , and 1976 in memory of Korean War and Viet Nam War members. It is also the national headquarter of the Elks.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.elks.org/SharedElksOrg/lodges/images/2239_ElkCircle.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://www.elks.org/SharedElksOrg/lodges/images/2239_ElkCircle.gif" width="285" /></a></div>
eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-1919389891984308502015-11-06T14:12:00.000-06:002015-11-10T21:40:31.273-06:00The Kristallnacht: One Boy's Story revisited.Monday, November 9 is the seventy-seventh anniversary of Kristallnacht, the beginning of the Holocaust. This post is in remembrance of the night that changed life for Jews in Germany and Europe.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.ushmm.org/m/img/ger76080.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ushmm.org/m/img/ger76080.gif" height="210" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Late in the
afternoon in Trier Germany, November 9, 1938, there was a bang on the
door on the Klepper home. Outside were 5-6 young men in their late
teens and early twenties who pushed Otille Klepper aside and barged in.
Her husband wasn't home, she was with her small son and their maid Anna. The men
were armed with large sticks and tire irons. As they pushed past Frau Klepper, they hit the mirror of
the hall tree, just inside the front door and shattered it. Frau Klepper grabbed her
five year old son, Manfred and ran out the back door, down the stairs
and into the cellar. They were joined by Anna and the upstairs neighbors. Otille
locked the cellar door from the inside, and waited.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFzzizWIoL7oA8MdU5CD2UUmk9mbMfiYK8eE5vwGhJ0XBO2jlO29NI3m9K1Mq-ZfkaTJR-u17SPZSnU5FGEbYUMIoSyOjWvDcDT-vYUxmzFoZeYr4IHYnKyHyaFe94Yf_p_BVJVVnVgX6f/s1600/photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFzzizWIoL7oA8MdU5CD2UUmk9mbMfiYK8eE5vwGhJ0XBO2jlO29NI3m9K1Mq-ZfkaTJR-u17SPZSnU5FGEbYUMIoSyOjWvDcDT-vYUxmzFoZeYr4IHYnKyHyaFe94Yf_p_BVJVVnVgX6f/s320/photo.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Klepper family about 1934. Otille, Manfrred, Charlotte and Moritz.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Kristallnacht,
November 9 and 10, 1938, the night of the broken glass, marked the beginning of the
Holocaust. On the night of November 9, gangs of young men broke into
and destroyed the homes of Jewish families all over Germany. On November
10, Jewish Temples and businesses were destroyed.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://simonstudio.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/knachtnyt600pxwcr.png?w=300" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://simonstudio.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/knachtnyt600pxwcr.png?w=300" /></a></div>
<br />
Manfred, known today as Manny, heard the furniture being thrown around and
glass breaking in their home for what seemed like hours. The noise let
up for a few minutes then the gang went up the stairs and destroyed the
neighbor's home. After about 40-45 minutes, the noise stopped. Frau
Klepper and her neighbor unlocked the door and went upstairs. When they
entered the Klepper home, she exclaimed, "Our place is a total disaster and
so is our neighbors." The floor was covered with broken glass and dishes, not a
single dish was left. Their dining room buffet had glass
doors, which were shattered, the drawers were pulled out and the
silverware was dumped on the floor. The furniture was broken, the beds were ripped apart, Glass
shelves in the bedroom were torn down and the china and glass figurines
were thrown on the floor and smashed to pieces. Nothing was
usable. The Klepper home was uninhabitable.<br />
<br />
Shortly after
the noise stopped, there was a knock on the back door. Mrs Klepper slowly opened the door and saw four nuns from the Convent behind the Klepper's home. As she let them in, they said
that they had heard the noise, and wondered what happened. They took
a look around and left. Soon four more nuns came in with
brooms, shovels and buckets. Manny's mother, her neighbor
and the nuns began to clean up the mess. It took them all night and
part of the next day to clear out the debris from the two homes. Manny
and the neighbor children stayed in the cellar while the cleanup was
taking place. When the two places were cleaned up, the nuns brought food and new
dishes for the families.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.frank-moehn.de/fotos/trier4.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.frank-moehn.de/fotos/trier4.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Trier is one of the oldest cities in Europe. The Porta Negra is an ancient Roman building in Trier.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Manfred Klepper, Manny, as he is known today,
was born in Trier on November 18, 1931. He lived with his family Mering, a
small village outside of Trier, where they owned a general store. Most
of his family was in the farming business, one side of the family raised
cattle, the other side owned vineyards. <br />
In 1937, Manny and his parents moved into to Trier. They lost their business to the Nazis, so they moved in with the grandparents. Since the Nazi party and Hitler took control of Germany in 1933,
life for the Jews became difficult. There were boycotts of Jewish
businesses and Jewish people were continually harassed. In 1937, a
large Nazi Rally was held in Trier making their situation more and
more dangerous. The Kleppers had relatives in the United States, so they decided to leave Germany and come to America. But US
foreign policy made it difficult for Jews to get permission to immigrate
and it often took a long time to get the paper work together. Manny's
grandparents' and sister's papers came through first, and they left
Germany in 1938. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.trier-info.de/tl_files/images/geschichte/kapitel8/kapitel8_03.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.trier-info.de/tl_files/images/geschichte/kapitel8/kapitel8_03.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nazi Rally in Trier, 1937</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Manny Klepper is my brother-in-law. He frequently speaks
about his Kristallnacht experiences in Lousiana. His story
continues in my next blog entry: <span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://eeroots.blogspot.com/2013/11/after-kristallnacht-one-boys-story.html" target="_blank">After the Kristallnacht</a></span><br />
<br />eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-55882511295704099792015-10-30T08:36:00.000-05:002015-10-30T08:36:23.690-05:00World War One Memorials in Chicago: Soldier Field<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/dca/Veterans%20Day/VetsBanner15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/dca/Veterans%20Day/VetsBanner15.jpg" height="145" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: Chicago Tribune</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1296728/images/o-SOLDIER-FIELD-BAG-BAN-facebook.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1296728/images/o-SOLDIER-FIELD-BAG-BAN-facebook.jpg" height="420" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: Huffington Post</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
One of the the grandest memorials of World War One in the Chicago area is Soldier Field. It is a stadium, located on the shore of Lake Michigan, originally seating 74,280, and was eventually expanded to seat 100,000 people. The structure was designed in classic Greek and Roman style and opened on October 9, 1924, as Municipal Grant Park Stadium. In 2004 Soldier Field was completely rebuilt and renovated, changing it's character, and retaining only the original facade. The renovation included several memorials to veterans and soldiers who lost their lives in wars, expanding Soldier Field as tribute to the armed forces who served in war and peace. <br />
<br />
In 1920, Chicago was a growing city, second in population to New York City, a transportation and financial center, but without a large gathering place for its residents. In Daniel Burnham's Plan for Chicago of 1909, a municipal stadium was planned for the area south of downtown, approximately where Soldier Field was eventually built. Burnham's plan was never implemented, but the need for a stadium was still there. In 1920, a competition was held to design a municipal stadium to be built on the south end of Grant Park, behind the Field Museum. The winner of the competition, Chicago architects, Holabird and Roche, produced the design that was built in 1924. Soldier Field was listed on the National List of Historic Places in 1987.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.neweastside.org/SoldiersField.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.neweastside.org/SoldiersField.jpg" height="206" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;">Winning plan for the Municipal Stadium, a combination of the <br />
Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. Source: neweastside.org.</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Grant Park Municipal Stadium opened on October 9, 1924, as a memorial to soldiers who had died in wars. The name was changed to Soldier Field in 1925, as a result of a campaign by the Goldstar Mothers, a group of women who had lost their sons in World War One. It was renamed and rededicated on Armistice Day, November 11, 1925.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://soldierfield.net/files/imagecache/uc_thumbnail/m1_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://soldierfield.net/files/imagecache/uc_thumbnail/m1_1.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Soldier Field was opened in October 1924.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
In the early years, Soldier Field saw a variety of uses. It hosted The Roman Catholic Eucharistic Conference in 1926, which drew over 1 million people; the Tunney-Dempsey Heavy Weight Fight in 1927; Charles Lindbergh in 1929, and the opening of the World's Fair in 1933. It also was the site of talent shows, rodeos, ski jumping contests and auto racing. Fourth of July fireworks, All City Music Festivals, and Chicago Public League High School championship games and all star games also took place there. Match lighting ceremonies started the Music Festivals in Soldier Field. <br />
Many famous people spoke at Soldier Field including Presidents Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman, as well as General Douglas MacArthur. Dr Martin Luther King Jr. spoke there before 70,000 people in 1964.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/wp-ag/wp-content/uploads/sites/71/2015/01/MLKSOLDIERFIELD1964B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/wp-ag/wp-content/uploads/sites/71/2015/01/MLKSOLDIERFIELD1964B.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr Martin Luther King Jr. speaks at Soldier Field in 1964. Source: Chicago Sun-Times</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Many sporting events were held there: Notre Dame Football, The first Special Olympics in 1968, The 1994 World Cup Soccer quarter finals, Women's World Cup Soccer in 1999, The Chicago Black Hawks Winter Classic, and a New Zealand All Blacks Rugby game in 2014. In 1971, Soldier Field was renovated and remodeled as the new home of the Chicago Bears Football Club, and remains their home today. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3637/3615896555_b126547d45_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3637/3615896555_b126547d45_b.jpg" height="223" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Soldier Field in the 1950's, before remodeling and renovations.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
Soldier Field was completely renovated in 2004 by the Chicago Park District for the Chicago Bears. The interior was demolished and replaced by a new structure which included a new playing field, seats, luxury boxes, and scoreboards. This rebuilding was controversial, and because of it, the stadium lost its landmark listing. One part of the plan proposed that the naming rights to the stadium be sold, which would result in dropping the original name. Veteran's groups protested this idea, and it was decided to keep the name of Soldier Field. In addition, funds were set aside to commission several works of art that would honor veterans. A sculpture of a World War One dough boy, by E.M. Viquesney, damaged by graffiti, was restored and installed at the South entrance of Soldier Field. This sculpture honors the original name and intent of the stadium, which was to honor those American soldiers who lost their lives in World War One. Twenty eight benches were installed, at at gates 1-28, each with a patriotic quotation. Several new works of art were installed outside Soldier Field to honor veterans and members of the armed forces, making the stadium a tribute to United States servicemen, past and present.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/2010-02-19_3000x2000_chicago_soldier_field.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/2010-02-19_3000x2000_chicago_soldier_field.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Renovated Soldier Field, with the remaining original colonnade. Source: Wikipedia.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://cdn.c.photoshelter.com/img-get/I0000zdCKcYyci1U/s/650/650/486-83-Doughboys-Statue-Soldier-Field-Chicago.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://cdn.c.photoshelter.com/img-get/I0000zdCKcYyci1U/s/650/650/486-83-Doughboys-Statue-Soldier-Field-Chicago.jpg" height="400" width="285" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Spirit of the American Doughboy", by E.M. Viquesney. Located near the South entrance to Soldier Field.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://kohvarillaguild.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/soldier-feild-memorial-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="285" src="https://kohvarillaguild.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/soldier-feild-memorial-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption">"Tribute to Freedom" 2003. Bronze bas relief by Anna Koh Varilla and Jeffry Varilla, located near the North entrance to Soldier Field.</td><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://kohvarillaguild.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/water-wall-1.jpg?w=326&h=233" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="285" src="https://kohvarillaguild.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/water-wall-1.jpg?w=326&h=233" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption">"Water Wall," 2003, also by Anna Koh Varilla and Jeffry Varilla. The Water Wall includes nine bronze medallions, each representing one of the branches or organizations of the United States Armed Forces.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span id="goog_295980698"></span><span id="goog_295980699"></span><br />eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-55739382277981121182015-10-11T08:56:00.000-05:002015-10-11T09:18:04.671-05:00Is Anything New in History?: Russia in the Middle East<br />
Click on the link below to read an interesting and informative article about Russia and Syria printed today in the New York Times.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://nyti.ms/1LalMpJ" target="_blank">Putin's Imperial Adventure in the Middle East</a><br />
<br />eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-11379260992393662422015-09-25T14:51:00.003-05:002015-09-25T14:51:46.200-05:00War Memorials on Chicago's North Shore: Highland Park Illinois<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://d38ls2kcjnhfdj.cloudfront.net/11e5f219-11f8-42cd-aae1-4b8280fc2df0_d.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://d38ls2kcjnhfdj.cloudfront.net/11e5f219-11f8-42cd-aae1-4b8280fc2df0_d.jpg" /></a></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://d38ls2kcjnhfdj.cloudfront.net/87212f67-d661-488d-96c0-0799cd5e32a5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://d38ls2kcjnhfdj.cloudfront.net/87212f67-d661-488d-96c0-0799cd5e32a5.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The World War One Memorial in Highland Park Illinois. Source: Waymarking.com</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
Located in Memorial Park in Highland Park Illinois, a suburb north of Chicago, this memorial is a combination of a bronze sculpture mounted on a granite background. It was dedicated on November 14, 1926. The funds to build the monument were raised by residents of Highland Park.<br />
<br />
The sculpture, designed by James Cady Ewell, a Highland Park artist and resident, depicts a female figure representing World War One. On either side of the figure, mounted bronze tablets list the names of 278 Highland Park men and women who served in the War. On the arch behind the figure, "Peace Victorious" is inscribed. The back of the memorial is inscribed "For your tomorrow, They gave their today ."<br />
The list of is long, surprising since the town of Highland Park is not large today, and was even smaller during World War One.<br />
<br />
Memorial Park is near downtown Highland Park between Laurel, Prospect and Linden Avenues.<br />
<br />
I came across this World War I memorial on my way to a
local rummage sale. I tried to take a picture of it with my
phone, but the lighting was poor, so I decided to use the snowy picture above
instead.eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-47304585852636161732015-09-21T21:44:00.002-05:002015-10-11T08:57:05.062-05:00Paul Niznik and Anastasia Justina Romanowicz:Family Genealogy<br />
<br />
Paul Niznik married Anastasia Justina Romanowicz in June 1864. They are my paternal great-grandparents.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhATmti8ZZJ_UDivLM9G6ITEcVtiG28p11rHzuqvoR5Knd2AVgWL31oVv4jFNpPtRSKRM-rps6sJBVy1yOOMqfHxxhDSK-v8xI86N0kVNS_NwOFSkiis8BFA-mWFOgbHtEz-yq1VgH1hCmD/s1600/Nisnik-Romanowicz+Marriage+record+1864.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhATmti8ZZJ_UDivLM9G6ITEcVtiG28p11rHzuqvoR5Knd2AVgWL31oVv4jFNpPtRSKRM-rps6sJBVy1yOOMqfHxxhDSK-v8xI86N0kVNS_NwOFSkiis8BFA-mWFOgbHtEz-yq1VgH1hCmD/s640/Nisnik-Romanowicz+Marriage+record+1864.jpg" width="451" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="justify"><td class="tr-caption">Marriage record for Paulus Niznik and (Anastasia) Justina Romanowicz, June 1864. Their rrecord is the second one on the page. Source: Metrical Books 1837-1882, Greek Catholic Church, Pomorzany (Zborow). Original manuscripts of the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv. Filmed by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Vol. 201-4A/4642.</td><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Paul was 29 years old when he married, and is listed with two occupations: pelleo (person who works with skins and hides) and artilleryman in the service of Duc Leopold of Bavaria. He may have been involved in the the Second War for Italian Independence in 1859. His parents, Ivan Niznik and Maria Gudziak were deceased at the time of the marriage. Both the Niznik and Gudziak families were in the skin and hide trade.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.bildindex.de/bilder/fmlac12142_18a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.bildindex.de/bilder/fmlac12142_18a.jpg" height="225" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="justify"><td class="tr-caption">The victorious French watch the Austrian Armies retreat after being defeated in the Battle of Magenta, June 1859. The Austrians are on the bottom right of the painting by Ernest Meissonier. One group of Austrian artillery are pulling a cannon as they retreat.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Anastasia Justina Romanowicz was 19 when she married Paul Niznik. Both her parents, Ivan Romanowicz and Agatha Pauluk, had passed away. The Romanowicz family were also pelleony. From what I have found in the Metrical Records, marriages were common between families in the same trade. Paul and Anastasia were also distant cousins. Permission to marry was given by Andreas Nisnik and Andreas Romanowicz.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
After their marriage, Anastasia and Paul went to live in his father's family home, number 287 in Pomorazany. Although Paul's parents were deceased, his stepmother, Maria Materko Niznik was still living in the house. This home belonged to the Niznik family since 1837, according to the earliest records in the Metrical Records, and probably longer that that. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://agroter.com.ua/wp-content/gallery/istorychni-vytoky/26.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://agroter.com.ua/wp-content/gallery/istorychni-vytoky/26.jpg" height="181" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Village house, similar to the house in Pomorany where Paul and Anastasia lived when they married.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Since the Metrical Records include only deaths after 1865, I know only one of Paul and Anastasia's surviving children, my grandfather, John Nyznyk, born in 1878. Three of Paul and Anastasia's children died in childhood: Peter, was born and died on July 15, 1867; Anna, born in 1871, lived for six months; and Varvara, born in 1873, lived one year. There were most likely more children, but there are no records of their births available at this time.</div>
<br />
When I first looked at the marriage record, I wasn't sure that Paul's bride was the same woman listed on my grandparent's marriage license, since her name was Justina, not Anastasia. A volunteer at the Family History Center told me that when I found a birth record for a child of Anastasia and Paul, her correct first name would be listed. After searching death records, I discovered that Anastasia used one or both of her given names. She is listed as Justina on the marriage record; on the death record of son Peter, she is listed as Anastasia, and on the death record of daughter Anna, she is listed as Anastasia Justina.<br />
According to the Metrical Records, the Niznik family name changed spelling three times. In the oldest records, it is Nisnik. In the 1850's it is spelled Niznik, with an umlaut over the z. In 1867, it is spelled Nyznyk. In the Metrical Records, the first name was written in Polish, the last name in Latin. But by the late 1860's the priests were recording names with Ukrainian spellings.<br />
<br />
I have a few more Metrical Records for Pomorzany to study. The records for Ozerna have arrived at the Family History Center, so soon I will begin to research the Kociuba (Koshuba) family.eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-89710584076448669712015-09-13T09:04:00.003-05:002015-09-14T10:50:32.149-05:00Pomorzany, Pomorany Ukraine: Looking into the Past<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.luszpinski.net/maps/Pomorzany.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.luszpinski.net/maps/Pomorzany.jpg" height="194" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: luszpinski.net</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
When I was growing up, I assumed that finding my family history in Eastern Europe was impossible. I believed that because of the wars, many records were destroyed and when Ukraine became a part of the Soviet Union in 1939, all remaining records were either destroyed or were impossible to access. Believing this made discovering my family history impossible.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I did have some basic information, my maternal grandmother gave me the names of her grandparents and aunts and uncles, and some information about her childhood. Her sister wrote a wonderful memoir about growing up in a Ukrainian village. Since I had that, I was able to piece together a basic history of the Rychly family in Ukraine. My maternal grandmother, Pauline Rychly Koshuba Haydak gave me some information about my maternal grandfather's family, the Koshubas.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I had very little information about my father's family, the Klak and Nyznyk families but when my father had to find information in order to get a US passport, he found the names of both his paternal and maternal grandparents. Now I had something to look for.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Nyznyk family of Pomorzany or Pomorany, is the family about which I know the least. I have researched my grandfather, John Nyznyk in New York, but the search information about him goes cold after 1940. I decided to go back in time and find out about two of my grandparent's families, the Nyznyk and Romanowicz families. I was lucky that the Family History Center has the Metrical Records from the Greek Catholic Church of Pomorzany from 1837 to 1862 on film. I have found have found a lot of ancestors on these films , but I still can't fit the puzzle pieces together yet. What I can do is tell about life in this village during the twenty five years between 1837 and 1862.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Metrical Records are easy to read, since they are written in Latin and arranged in columns. In 1793, after the First Partition of Poland, the Austrian government required that vital statistics be kept in all areas acquired in the partition. Local Roman and Greek Catholic churches served as recorders of all vital statistics and that two copies of every record be made, one to stay in the church, the other to be kept in another place, in this instance in the city of Lviv. All birth, death and marriage records were kept by the Greek Catholic and Roman Catholic Churches at first, eventually Jewish synagogues and other Christian denominations were also able to record and kept vital statistics. The LDS Church has filmed vital records in many Ukrainian villages and towns which are kept in Salt Lake City and are accessible at Family History Centers all over the world.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/images/d/d4/Austrian_Latin_Transcript.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/images/d/d4/Austrian_Latin_Transcript.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The birth record in Latin and English</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Every record includes names, dates and places where the life event occurred. Sometimes parent's names are included and occupations are noted as well. Since local clergymen wrote all the information with pen and ink, they give a look into the past when beautiful penmanship was necessary and appreciated. First names were recorded in Latin and surnames were listed in Polish. "Conditio" which means occupation in Latin is noted on all records. Agricola was the Latin word for farmer, and the most common occupation. Nyznyk and Romanowicz family members were listed as pelleo, or persons who worked with skins and hides. Other common occupations were sutor or sudor, shoemaker, and fabrile, a person who works with metal. In the 1850's laborers began to appear, and mendicane, or beggar was also listed.<br />
<br />
Marriage records contained the most information; the names
of the persons to be married were listed along with their ages and occupation for the groom. His parent's names and occupations followed, sometimes the grandparents were also listed with their occupations. The bride's information was listed in a separate column. The information was similar, but women did not have occupations. Both the bride's and
groom's house numbers were listed.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://stumbleback.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/s-11-03-10-4.jpg?w=229&h=166" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://stumbleback.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/s-11-03-10-4.jpg?w=229&h=166" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A example of a marriage record. Source Stumbleblock.wordpress</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
When a birth was recorded, the name of the father was listed first, the mother's first name was listed, followed by "daughter of" and her father's first and last name and occupation. The date of birth was listed, followed by the dates of baptism and confirmation. The house number listed where the birth occurred, which was not always in the home of the parents. Married couples went to live with the husband's parents, so the first child was usually born in their house. A different house number might be listed for the birth of a second child, because the couple now had their own house. In an illegitimate birth, only the mother's name was mentioned. Second marriages were also recorded, but not as much information was included. A death record included the person's age, date of death and burial, and cause of death.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://eon.ca/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Basil_Taras.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://eon.ca/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Basil_Taras.jpg" height="192" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Example of a birth record from 1907, column headings are in Latin and Ukrainian.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
In the 1830's, most causes of death were listed as "ordinario" or ordinary; later, specific diseases were listed. In a death entry, a man's name stood alone, but a woman was listed either as "daughter of" followed by her father's name if she was not married, or "wife or/widow of" followed by her husband's name. The house number was always included. From information in the Metrical Records, many more children died than
adults. Very few people lived to a great age, most died
in their fifties or sixties. Common causes of death were convulsions,
epilepsy, consumption (tuberculosis), pleurisy, fibrio gastris and
cholera. In 1850, eleven people died of fibrio gastris between the
beginning of September and the end of October, mostly adults. 1855 saw a
cholera epidemic between July and September. 59 villagers died, mostly
children at first, adults later. In the Gudziak (cousin of the Nyznyk
and Romanowicz families) home, four family members died within days of
each other, first two daughters, then the father and grandmother.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://kowalfamilyhistory.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/helena-bosakowska-death-record-jan-18381.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://kowalfamilyhistory.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/helena-bosakowska-death-record-jan-18381.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Death record from 1838. Source: Kowalfamily.wordpress</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Pomorzany grew; in 1837, there were a little over 300 houses, by 1859 there were over 700 houses in the town. Most people stayed in the town, and I saw the same surnames repeated over the 25 years. Cousins often married cousins. Sons followed their father's occupation. Most people married people with the same occupation. The Nyznik and Romanowicz families worked with leather, and their sons and daughters married children of other leather workers. When a young married couple could afford their own house, they often moved, and this shows up in a new house number. One change in the records during the 25 years I studied was in 1855 when the column headings were in both Latin and Ukrainian. The next year, the Ukrainian heading disappeared. In the birth record example above from 1907, the heading were in both languages. In the earliest records, the family surname was spelled Nisnik. In 1856, the spelling changed and it was spelled Niznik. There were trends in first names: John was always popular for boys, Maria for girls. Anastasia and Tecla were also popular for girls. Rarer first names were Erasmus and Procopious and Parascevia and Michalina.<br />
There is more to be learned about Pomorzany, and there are still hundreds of records to be reviewed.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Cerkwie_Pomorzany_04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Cerkwie_Pomorzany_04.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wooden Church in Pomorzany. Source: Wikimedia.org</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6150428962095188008.post-69187098637806515212015-08-29T16:00:00.002-05:002015-10-11T09:00:41.602-05:00Check Out FamilySearch and The Family History Center<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/images/7/71/FamilySearch_Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="85" src="https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/images/7/71/FamilySearch_Logo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
I am very fortunate to have a Family History Center in the town where I live.<br />
I have visited several times and found that the volunteers are helpful and knowledgeable, but I really didn't do research there until this summer.<br />
I have always used on line search sites for genealogical research, and found them to be very useful but now I have run into several roadblocks in my search and the commercial sites are not giving me any new information. I decided to take the plunge and try the Family History Center to find the information I was seeking.<br />
The Family History Centers are a part of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, also known as LDS or the Mormon Church. The centers are open to anybody who wants to use their resources for genealogy. There is no charge to use the materials in the Family History Center
and no one will ask you anything about religion. You do not have to be a member of the
LDS church to use the materials and get help on your research. The LDS Church, has the
large repository of genealogical materials in the main
library in Salt Lake City, Utah, so it was the logical place to start. <br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
The Family Search Web Site</h3>
The Family History Search is an excellent web site which is also free. It is a good place to start family research, and to start a family tree. The family tree is easy to use and will give hints to help you build your tree. It is as good and easy to use as any of the commercial genealogy or family tree sites.<br />
The site has a search option which gives access to the materials in the LDS Library in Salt Lake City. When you click on the search option, there are four choices:<br />
<h4>
Records: </h4>
Enter the name of a deceased ancestor and get information from records such as census forms, death records etc. There are Tips on searching records in this section. I entered my great grandfather's name and within minutes, I had a list of information about him. You can also search by place by clicking on a map of the world. You will find a list of information about that particular area.<br />
<h4>
Catalog: </h4>
Search here to find information in the vast collection of the LDS library. When you find what you want, you can order the material and it will be delivered to a local Family History center within a few weeks. You can search by place or name. You will get a list of resources that are available. You can order the resource and it will be shipped to the nearest Family History Center. The resources are available for your use for several months.<br />
<h4>
Wiki: </h4>
This is Great! A good place to start if you are new to genealogy. There is information on how to start the genealogy the research process. I decided to search by place and typed in "Galicia Ukraine", and got 54 results, included gazetteers, articles, and data bases. I have not used this feature until today, but I have already printed an article about house numbers in Galician Records, which explains how every house in every town and village was numbered.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic6S4ZNg7t875iGh1RMvG2s8btdUcLGSIy6W3cYN9ZBfMJCzz9x-EWxUEaZgfLwMRbJ81j2fsw57EaCP_UagBt0ijwIYiGOKZQ9O5lE30NxwbMW3CzHb2pGQm0hZTA1irt6mhk9MF5dWs/s1600/FHC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic6S4ZNg7t875iGh1RMvG2s8btdUcLGSIy6W3cYN9ZBfMJCzz9x-EWxUEaZgfLwMRbJ81j2fsw57EaCP_UagBt0ijwIYiGOKZQ9O5lE30NxwbMW3CzHb2pGQm0hZTA1irt6mhk9MF5dWs/s1600/FHC.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<h3>
The Family History Center </h3>
Every LDS Church includes a Family History Center. The centers are staffed by knowledgeable volunteers who are willing to help beginners and experienced researchers. There are books, microfilms, computers and microfilm and film readers in the centers. The centers also have forms which help researchers to organize their information. The Family History Centers are easy to locate on the <a href="http://familysearch.org/" target="_blank">FamilySearch.org</a> web site. This is the place where films and microfiche are sent, and the viewers to read them. Check on line for the location and hours for the Family History Center closest to you.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.lds.org/bc/content/ldsorg/church/news/04/29/580-one%20billion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="164" src="https://www.lds.org/bc/content/ldsorg/church/news/04/29/580-one%20billion.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Volunteers catalog genealogy records.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />eerootshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01869806595964435873noreply@blogger.com0