Living in Ukraine 100 Years Ago: Crime and Punishment

The people who lived in the village of Biala,  on the outskirts of Ternopil', Ukraine handled  most conflicts on their own.  My great aunt, Katherine Rychly describes in her Autobiography how the people of the village dealt with issues of morality, petty crime and debt.
 

Old Polish map showing Tarnopol(Ternopil') and the village of Biala

Morality

There were 350 houses in the village of Bila.    Katherine explained that most of her family members lived in the village, her grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins.  Each person was aware of  everything that you did, as a child or as an adult.  If you did wrong, you hurt your entire family--that was the biggest hurt of all--it followed you for the rest of your life.  This encouraged children to behave, and made them aware that their actions represented not only themselves, but their parents and extended family as well.  However, this did not stop crime in the village.  Katherine said "We had to keep an eye on everything because the village had known thieves, and we had no recourse to justice.  If you caught the thief red-handed, you took the matter into your own hands at that moment and beat the living daylights our of him/her.  Stealing was a part of everyday life." So were beatings, which sounds so horrible to us today, but corporal punishment was the way to deal with wrongdoing.

"Our Easter Dinner Vanished!"

The week before Easter was a busy one in Bila, with everyone preparing for the holy day with a family dinner after church services.  On the day before Easter, everything was prepared for the big celebratory dinner the next day. Katherine's mother put all the food in a small storage room, adjacent to the kitchen and locked the door.  Katherine tells the story, "The next morning, we found that during the night, someone had cut a hole in the wall of the storage room from the outside and took all the food.  Why didn't we hear anything?" Katherine wondered, "Someone was always home."  Everybody in the village had a wonderful dinner, but they had nothing. 

The Veet

Every village in Eastern Galicia, where Biala was located, had a Veet.  He was the village headman, somewhat like a mayor.  His duties included collecting taxes and mediating disputes, he served as both judge and jury.

Taxes Not Paid?-We have a Solution for that.

Before World War One, when Bila and Ternopil' were a part of the Austrian-Hungarian  Empire, there was a tax on each house in the village.  The Veet was in charge of tax collection, which was a big job, seeing that there were 350 houses in the village.  If the tax wasn't paid, the Veet came to the house and took something of value as a payment. Most items were acceptable, chickens, lambs or just about anything that had value.  A person was able to buy the article back, plus interest.   The Rychly's were poor, and depended on their farm and on their father,  Sylvester, who was working in the United States for support. The Veet came to their house to collect the back taxes, and since there was no cash, he took Katherine's mother's fur lined coat.  It didn't matter if it was winter time and cold, and that she had nothing warm to wear, the coat was valuable, so he took it.

Don't Mess with Mother's Coat.

The Rychly children did not have many toys, and what they had was home-made.  Katherine had a doll made from corn husks.  One day, she decided to make her doll look nicer, so she cut a leather braided fastener off her mother's coat.  Katherine thought that it would make nice hair for the doll.
When her mother saw what had happened to her coat, Katherine got a beating, and the doll lost her braid.  It was quickly sewn back on the coat.

In the picture of the Koshuba family, the men are wearing fur lined coats with braided leather fasteners, like the one worn by Katherine's mother.  Picture from the collection of Ed Wons.

Katherine is Sued

Stephen Langish lived next door to the Rychly family and recently planted five fruit trees in his yard.  Katherine was seven years old, and wanted them in her yard, so she dug them up and replanted them outside the Rychly's house.  When this was discovered, Langish sued.  Mother went to the Veet with  Katherine's younger sister, Helen, who was just five years old. Mother knew that Katherine was the culprit, but she thought that a younger child would elicit more sympathy from the Veet.  Helen didn't cooperate, and when asked by the Veet if she took the trees, she answered "No, Kasha (Katherine) did!"  The Veet didn't believe her.  He thought that she was afraid to own up to the crime, but that she actually did it.  He took pity on her.  His verdict: return the trees and replant them.  Mother dealt with Katherine in the usual way later.

Just Give Me the Change, Please

 In 1922, Katherine and Helen were ready to immigrate to the United States.  Their father, Sylvester saved enough money to pay for their passage from Bila to Minneapolis, Minnesota. In order to immigrate, they had to get their birth certificates so they could apply for passports. In Poland, vital records were kept by  the religious organizations of the community, the Roman Catholic Church, the Greek Catholic Church or the Jewish Synagogue.  Since Katherine was the older sister, she was responsible for getting the documents for the trip.  She went to the village priest and requested her birth certificate and one for sister Helen.  The charge for both was 500 Markas (the Polish currency at that time).  Mother gave Katherine a 1000 Marka note and expected her to get a 500 Markas in change.

1000 Polish Marka note from 1919

The priest did not have change that day and asked Katherine to come back later and he would give her the 500 Markas.  She came back several times, he did not give her the change.  Mother was annoyed, so she decided to take care of the matter herself.  She went to the priest and asked for the 500 markas that he owed her daughter.  His response was to beat her with his cane.  The villagers working in the priest's garden heard the commotion and ran to get help from Mother's children.  Katherine and the others came quickly, but she couldn't remember what the outcome was.   She and Helen did leave Biala, so the matter must have been resolved.

Source: Kateryna (Kasha) Autobiography by Katherine Pylatiuk Lymar as told to her Daughter, Julie Lawryk in 1988. copyright 1988.